Related papers: Determining Absence of Unreasonable Risk: Approval…
This paper presents an overview of Waymo's approach to building a reliable case for safety - a novel and thorough blueprint for use by any company building fully autonomous driving systems. A safety case for fully autonomous operations is a…
Waymo's safety methodologies, which draw on well established engineering processes and address new safety challenges specific to Automated Vehicle technology, provide a firm foundation for safe deployment of Waymo's Level 4 ADS, which Waymo…
This paper frames recent publications from Waymo within the broader context of the safety readiness determination for an Automated Driving System (ADS). Starting from a brief overview of safety performance outcomes reported by Waymo (i.e.,…
Modern artificial intelligence governance lacks a formal, enforceable mechanism for determining whether a given AI system is legally permitted to operate in a specific domain and jurisdiction. Existing tools such as model cards, audits, and…
International discussions on the overarching topic of how to define and quantify what a "safe enough" Automated Driving System (ADS) is are currently hinged on the question of determining the relationship between "positive risk balance"…
The MUSICC project has created a proof-of-concept scenario database to be used as part of a type approval process for the verification of automated driving systems (ADS). This process must include a highly automated means of evaluating test…
The automotive industry is experiencing a transition from assisted to highly automated driving. New concepts for validation of Automated Driving System (ADS) include amongst other a shift from a "technology based" approach to a "scenario…
This paper describes Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing (CAT) methodology: a scenario-based testing method that evaluates the safety of the Waymo Driver Automated Driving Systems' (ADS) intended functionality in conflict situations…
Automated driving systems (ADSs) promise a safe, comfortable and efficient driving experience. However, fatalities involving vehicles equipped with ADSs are on the rise. The full potential of ADSs cannot be realized unless the robustness of…
The development of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) has made significant progress in the last years. To enable the deployment of Automated Vehicles (AVs) equipped with such ADSs, regulations concerning the approval of these systems need to…
This report presents Waymo's proposal for a systematic fatigue risk management framework that addresses prevention, monitoring, and mitigation of fatigue-induced risks during on-road testing of ADS technology. The proposed framework remains…
Despite extensive research, the testing of autonomous driving systems (ADS) landscape remains fragmented, and there is currently no basis for an informed technical assessment of the importance and contribution of the current state of the…
A significant barrier to deploying autonomous vehicles (AVs) on a massive scale is safety assurance. Several technical challenges arise due to the uncertain environment in which AVs operate such as road and weather conditions, errors in…
While current automotive safety standards provide implicit guidance on how unreasonable risk can be avoided, manufacturers are required to specify risk acceptance criteria for Automated Driving Systems (SAE Level 3 and higher). However, the…
Risk is traditionally described as the expected likelihood of an undesirable outcome, such as collisions for autonomous vehicles. Accurately predicting risk or potentially risky situations is critical for the safe operation of autonomous…
We present a practical verification method for safety analysis of the autonomous driving system (ADS). The main idea is to build a surrogate model that quantitatively depicts the behaviour of an ADS in the specified traffic scenario. The…
Scenario-based approaches have been receiving a huge amount of attention in research and engineering of automated driving systems. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of the driving environment, and the complexity of the driving task…
Autonomous systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in new vehicles. Due to their environmental friendliness and their remarkable capability to significantly enhance road safety, these vehicles have gained widespread recognition and…
Safety is a central requirement for automated vehicles. As such, the assessment of risk in automated driving is key in supporting both motion planning technologies and safety evaluation. In automated driving, risk is characterized by two…
In this work, we utilized the methodology outlined in the IEEE Standard 2846-2022 for "Assumptions in Safety-Related Models for Automated Driving Systems" to extract information on the behavior of other road users in driving scenarios. This…