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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired machine learning algorithms with merits such as biological plausibility and unsupervised learning capability. Previous works have shown that converting Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) into…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Sijia Lu , Feng Xu

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are currently being used as function approximators in many state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been shown to drastically reduce the energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Bleema Rosenfeld , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a more energy-efficient alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by mimicking biological neural principles, establishing them as a promising approach to mitigate the increasing energy demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Velibor Bojković , Xiaofeng Wu , Bin Gu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters have improved performance in various applications, but their inference processes demand significant energy and computational resources. In contrast, the human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Xingrun Xing , Boyan Gao , Zheng Zhang , David A. Clifton , Shitao Xiao , Li Du , Guoqi Li , Jiajun Zhang

A Spiking Neural Network (SNN) can be trained indirectly by first training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the conventional backpropagation algorithm, then converting it into an SNN. The conventional rate-coding method for SNNs uses…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ming Zhang , Nenggan Zheng , De Ma , Gang Pan , Zonghua Gu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are seen as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), but the performance gap remains a challenge. While this gap is narrowing through ANN-to-SNN conversion, substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ziqing Wang , Yuetong Fang , Jiahang Cao , Hongwei Ren , Renjing Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) can do inference with low power consumption due to their spike sparsity. ANN-SNN conversion is an efficient way to achieve deep SNNs by converting well-trained Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Xiang He , Yang Li , Dongcheng Zhao , Qingqun Kong , Yi Zeng

As spiking neural networks (SNNs) are event-driven, energy efficiency is higher than conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs). Since SNN delivers data through discrete spikes, it is difficult to use gradient methods for training,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Sangwoo Hwang , Jaeha Kung

We introduce a method to convert Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), commonly used in scientific machine learning, to Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which are expected to have higher energy efficiency compared to traditional…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Qian Zhang , Chenxi Wu , Adar Kahana , Youngeun Kim , Yuhang Li , George Em Karniadakis , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), originating from the neural behavior in biology, has been recognized as one of the next-generation neural networks. Conventionally, SNNs can be obtained by converting from pre-trained Artificial Neural Networks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Yuhang Li , Shikuang Deng , Xin Dong , Shi Gu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient alternative to a variety of artificial neural network (ANN) based AI applications. As the progress in neuromorphic computing with SNNs expands their use in applications, the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Ozan Özdenizci , Robert Legenstein

Artificial neural networks (ANNs), particularly large language models (LLMs), demonstrate powerful inference capabilities but consume substantial energy. Conversely, spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit exceptional energy efficiency due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chenyu Wang , Zhanglu Yan , Zhi Zhou , Xu Chen , Weng-Fai Wong

Safety alignment is indispensable for Large Language Models (LLMs) to defend threats from malicious instructions. However, recent researches reveal safety-aligned LLMs prone to reject benign queries due to the exaggerated safety issue,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Zouying Cao , Yifei Yang , Hai Zhao

The combination of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and Transformers has attracted significant attention due to their potential for high energy efficiency and high-performance nature. However, existing works on this topic typically rely on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Ziqing Wang , Yuetong Fang , Jiahang Cao , Qiang Zhang , Zhongrui Wang , Renjing Xu

Foundational models based on the transformer architecture are currently the state-of-the-art in general language modeling, as well as in scientific areas such as material science and climate. However, training and deploying these models is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Adarsha Balaji , Sandeep Madireddy , Prasanna Balaprakash

Benefiting from the event-driven and sparse spiking characteristics of the brain, spiking neural networks (SNNs) are becoming an energy-efficient alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, the performance gap between SNNs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Man Yao , Guangshe Zhao , Hengyu Zhang , Yifan Hu , Lei Deng , Yonghong Tian , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Recent Active Learning (AL) approaches in Natural Language Processing (NLP) proposed using off-the-shelf pretrained language models (LMs). In this paper, we argue that these LMs are not adapted effectively to the downstream task during AL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Katerina Margatina , Loïc Barrault , Nikolaos Aletras

Event-based cameras have recently shown great potential for high-speed motion estimation owing to their ability to capture temporally rich information asynchronously. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), with their neuro-inspired event-driven…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Adarsh Kumar Kosta , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

The ambition of brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) is to become a low-power alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This work addresses two major challenges in realizing this vision: the performance gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Man Yao , Xuerui Qiu , Tianxiang Hu , Jiakui Hu , Yuhong Chou , Keyu Tian , Jianxing Liao , Luziwei Leng , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li