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We introduce Symbolic Alternating Finite Automata (s-AFA) as an expressive, succinct, and decidable model for describing sets of finite sequences over arbitrary alphabets. Boolean operations over s-AFAs have linear complexity, which is in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-10-07 Loris D'Antoni , Zachary Kincaid , Fang Wang

Wheeler automata were introduced in 2017 as a tool to generalize existing indexing and compression techniques based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform. Intuitively, an automaton is said to be Wheeler if there exists a total order on its…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ruben Becker , Davide Cenzato , Sung-Hwan Kim , Bojana Kodric , Riccardo Maso , Nicola Prezza

We present a new algorithm IDS for incremental learning of deterministic finite automata (DFA). This algorithm is based on the concept of distinguishing sequences introduced in (Angluin81). We give a rigorous proof that two versions of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-14 Muddassar A. Sindhu , Karl Meinke

Given a Probabilistic Finite Automata (PFA), a set of states S, and an error threshold e > 0, our algorithm approximates the infimum probability (quantifying over all infinite words) that the automata reaches S. Our result contrasts with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-09-21 Sergio Giro

In modern machine (ML) learning systems, Transformer-based architectures have achieved milestone success across a broad spectrum of tasks, yet understanding their operational mechanisms remains an open problem. To improve the transparency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yihao Zhang , Zeming Wei , Meng Sun

Recently, several studies reported that dot-product selfattention (SA) may not be indispensable to the state-of-theart Transformer models. Motivated by the fact that dense synthesizer attention (DSA), which dispenses with dot products and…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Menglong Xu , Shengqiang Li , Xiao-Lei Zhang

The class of Boolean combinations of tree languages recognized by deterministic top-down tree automata (also known as deterministic root-to-frontier automata) is studied. The problem of determining for a given regular tree language whether…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Christof Löding , Wolfgang Thomas

A two-way deterministic finite state automaton with one counter (2D1CA) is a fundamental computational model that has been examined in many different aspects since sixties, but we know little about its power in the case of unary languages.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-09 Marzio De Biasi , Abuzer Yakaryilmaz

Transformers have been the dominant architecture for Speech Translation in recent years, achieving significant improvements in translation quality. Since speech signals are longer than their textual counterparts, and due to the quadratic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Ioannis Tsiamas , Gerard I. Gállego , José A. R. Fonollosa , Marta R. Costa-jussà

Finite-turn pushdown automata (PDA) are investigated concerning their descriptional complexity. It is known that they accept exactly the class of ultralinear context-free languages. Furthermore, the increase in size when converting…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2009-05-08 Andreas Malcher , Giovanni Pighizzini

We prove that, paying a polynomial increase in size only, every unrestricted two-way nondeterministic finite automaton (2NFA) can be complemented by a 1-limited automaton (1-LA), a nondeterministic extension of 2NFAs still characterizing…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Bruno Guillon , Luca Prigioniero , Javad Taheri

Partial derivatives of regular expressions, introduced by Antimirov, define an elegant algorithm for generating equivalent non-deterministic finite automata (NFA) with a limited number of states. Here we focus on runtime verification (RV)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Davide Ancona , Angelo Ferrando

Stochastic languages are the languages recognized by probabilistic finite automata (PFAs) with cutpoint over the field of real numbers. More general computational models over the same field such as generalized finite automata (GFAs) and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-23 Arseny M. Shur , Abuzer Yakaryilmaz

A minimal deterministic finite automaton (DFA) is uniformly minimal if it always remains minimal when the final state set is replaced by a non-empty proper subset of the state set. We prove that a permutation DFA is uniformly minimal if and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Sylvie Davies

The paper completely characterizes the primality of acyclic DFAs, where a DFA $\mathcal{A}$ is prime if there do not exist DFAs $\mathcal{A}_1,\dots,\mathcal{A}_t$ with $\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) = \bigcap_{i=1}^{t}…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Daniel Alexander Spenner

Recent work on Neural-Symbolic systems that learn the discrete planning model from images has opened a promising direction for expanding the scope of Automated Planning and Scheduling to the raw, noisy data. However, previous work only…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Masataro Asai

Minimizing the size of finite automata is a fundamental problem in theoretical computer science. Beyond standard minimization, further reductions can be achieved by decomposing an automaton into smaller components whose languages combine…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mathias Berry , Pierre-Cyrille Héam , Ismaël Jecker

In this note we study automata recognizing birecurrent sets. A set of words is birecurrent if the minimal partial DFA recognizing this set and the minimal partial DFA recognizing the reversal of this set are both strongly connected. This…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Andrew Ryzhikov

Probabilistic deterministic finite automata (PDFA) are discrete event systems modeling conditional probabilities over languages: Given an already seen sequence of tokens they return the probability of tokens of interest to appear next.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Robert Baumgartner , Sicco Verwer

We introduce a new measure on regular languages: their nondeterministic syntactic complexity. It is the least degree of any extension of the `canonical boolean representation' of the syntactic monoid. Equivalently, it is the least number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Robert Myers , Stefan Milius , Henning Urbat