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Large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on complex reasoning tasks by generating multiple chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, but using a fixed token budget per query leads to over-computation on easy inputs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Katrina Brown , Aneesh Muppidi , Rana Shahout

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) extend LLMs to handle images, videos, and audio by incorporating feature extractors and projection modules. However, these additional components -- combined with complex inference pipelines and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zedong Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Guangming Tan , Yang You , Dingwen Tao

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning technique that allows decentralized collaborative model training across a set of distributed clients, by avoiding raw data exchange. A fundamental component of FL is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sara Alosaime , Arshad Jhumka

The scaling of transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly expanded their context lengths, enabling applications where inputs exceed 100K tokens. Our analysis of a recent Azure LLM inference trace reveals a highly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zeyu Zhang , Haiying Shen

Recently, there has been an extensive research effort in building efficient large language model (LLM) inference serving systems. These efforts not only include innovations in the algorithm and software domains but also constitute…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jaehong Cho , Minsu Kim , Hyunmin Choi , Guseul Heo , Jongse Park

Recent breakthroughs in large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled various generative tasks on a single model. Real-world services (e.g., OpenAI's ChatGPT [27]) powered by an LLM often concurrently support latency-critical requests for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wan Borui , Zhao Juntao , Jiang Chenyu , Guo Chuanxiong , Wu Chuan

Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) has shown strong promise for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly in tasks requiring long chain-of-thought generation. However, RL training efficiency is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Yiqi Zhang , Huiqiang Jiang , Xufang Luo , Zhihe Yang , Chengruidong Zhang , Yifei Shen , Dongsheng Li , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu , Yang You

With the development of large language models (LLMs), it has become increasingly important to optimize hardware usage and improve throughput. In this paper, we study the inference optimization of the serving system that deploys LLMs. To…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Bowen Pang , Kai Li , Ruifeng She , Feifan Wang

On-device Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming mobile AI, catalyzing applications like UI automation without privacy concerns. Nowadays the common practice is to deploy a single yet powerful LLM as a general task solver for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Wangsong Yin , Rongjie Yi , Daliang Xu , Gang Huang , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

Multi-agent applications utilize the advanced capabilities of large language models (LLMs) for intricate task completion through agent collaboration in a workflow. Under this situation, requests from different agents usually access the same…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jinyuan Chen , Jiuchen Shi , Quan Chen , Minyi Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being deployed as intelligent agents. Their multi-stage workflows, which alternate between local computation and calls to external network services like Web APIs, introduce a mismatch in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Hongqiu Ni , Jiabao Zhang , Guopeng Li , Zilong Wang , Ruiqi Wu , Chi Zhang , Haisheng Tan

While scaling laws have been continuously validated in large language models (LLMs) with increasing model parameters, the inherent tension between the inference demands of LLMs and the limited resources of edge devices poses a critical…

Efficient scheduling of periodic meetings is a critical challenge in various service-oriented domains, including academic settings, healthcare, and legal consultancy. This study presents a robust Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Sina Moradi

Early-Exit Large Language Models (EE-LLMs) enable high throughput inference by allowing tokens to exit early at intermediate layers. However, their throughput is limited by the computational and memory savings. Existing EE-LLM frameworks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Avinash Kumar , Shashank Nag , Jason Clemons , Lizy John , Poulami Das

This review report discusses the cold start latency in serverless inference and existing solutions. It particularly reviews the ServerlessLLM method, a system designed to address the cold start problem in serverless inference for large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Himel Ghosh

Queueing systems present many opportunities for applying machine-learning predictions, such as estimated service times, to improve system performance. This integration raises numerous open questions about how predictions can be effectively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Michael Mitzenmacher , Rana Shahout

Each LLM serving request goes through two phases. The first is prefill which processes the entire input prompt and produces the first output token and the second is decode which generates the rest of output tokens, one-at-a-time. Prefill…

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) can benefit immensely from parallelizing both the model and input requests across multiple devices, but incoming workloads exhibit substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Spatially, workloads…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Youhe Jiang , Fangcheng Fu , Taiyi Wang , Guoliang He , Eiko Yoneki

Large language models~(LLMs) are known for their high demand on computing resources and memory due to their substantial model size, which leads to inefficient inference on moderate GPU systems. Techniques like quantization or pruning can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenxiang Lin , Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Xuan Wang , Xiaowen Chu

Spatial query and analysis results are often directly applied to decision-making processes such as facility location, proximity resource discovery, accessibility analysis, and risk assessment. Therefore, the efficiency of underlying spatial…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhongpu Chen , Yikai Dong , Wanjun Hao