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Quantum networks rely on the efficient distribution of entanglement to enable long-distance quantum communication and information processing. A key challenge in these networks is the design of routing protocols capable of maintaining high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Javier Vecino Peñas , Ana Fernández-Vilas , Rebeca P. Díaz-Redondo , Sergio Gándara Gándara , Manuel Fernández-Veiga

Quantum networks distributed over distances greater than a few kilometers will be limited by the time required for information to propagate between nodes. We analyze protocols that are able to circumvent this bottleneck by employing…

Building large-scale quantum computers, essential to demonstrating quantum advantage, is a key challenge. Quantum Networks (QNs) can help address this challenge by enabling the construction of large, robust, and more capable quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-20 Xiaojie Fan , Caitao Zhan , Himanshu Gupta , C. R. Ramakrishnan

We define the entanglement-gradient routing scheme for quantum repeater networks. The routing framework fuses the fundamentals of swarm intelligence and quantum Shannon theory. Swarm intelligence provides nature-inspired solutions for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-24 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

In this paper, a space-air-ground quantum (SPARQ) network is developed as a means for providing a seamless on-demand entanglement distribution. The node mobility in SPARQ poses significant challenges to entanglement routing. Existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Mohamed Shaban , Muhammad Ismail , Walid Saad

The development of quantum networks (QNs) relies on efficient mechanisms for distributing entanglement among multiple quantum users (QUs) under practical system constraints. This paper investigates the problem of entanglement rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Kavini Thenuwara , Shiva Kazemi Taskooh , Ekram Hossain

With the rapid advance of information technology, network systems have become increasingly complex and hence the underlying system dynamics are often unknown or difficult to characterize. Finding a good network control policy is of…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Bai Liu , Qiaomin Xie , Eytan Modiano

We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…

Entanglement is fundamental to quantum information science and technology, yet controlling and manipulating entanglement -- so-called entanglement engineering -- for arbitrary quantum systems remains a formidable challenge. There are two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-05 Li-Li Ye , Christian Arenz , Joseph M. Lukens , Ying-Cheng Lai

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in experimentally realizing the building blocks of quantum repeaters. Repeater architectures with multiplexed quantum memories have been proposed to increase entanglement distribution rates, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Yuan Lee , Eric Bersin , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner , Dirk Englund

Coordination in distributed systems is often hampered by communication latency, which degrades performance. Quantum entanglement offers fundamentally stronger correlations than classically achievable without communication. Crucially, these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Francisco Ferreira da Silva , Stephanie Wehner

In the quantum repeater networks of the quantum Internet, the varying stability of entangled quantum links makes dynamic topology adaption an emerging issue. Here we define an efficient topology adaption method for quantum repeater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-01 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum computers face inherent scaling challenges, a fact that necessitates investigation of distributed quantum computing systems, whereby scaling is achieved through interconnection of smaller quantum processing units. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Felix Burt , Kuan-Cheng Chen , Kin K. Leung

To effectively support the execution of quantum network applications for multiple sets of user-controlled quantum nodes, a quantum network must efficiently allocate shared resources. We study traffic models for a type of quantum network hub…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Scarlett Gauthier , Thirupathaiah Vasantam , Gayane Vardoyan

This paper addresses the problem of qubit routing in first-generation and other near-term quantum computers. In particular, it is asserted that the qubit routing problem can be formulated as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem, and that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Steven Herbert , Akash Sengupta

Entanglement routing establishes remote entanglement connection between two arbitrary nodes, which is one of the most important functions in quantum networks. The existing routing mechanisms mainly improve the robustness and throughput…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-23 Jian Li , Mingjun Wang , Qidong Jia , Kaiping Xue , Nenghai Yu , Qibin Sun , Jun Lu

Effective routing of entanglements over a quantum network is a fundamental problem in quantum communication. Due to the fragility of quantum states, it is difficult to route entanglements at long distances. Graph states can be utilized for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Nirupam Basak , Goutam Paul

Quantum networks are gaining momentum in finding applications in a wide range of domains. However, little research has investigated the potential of a quantum network framework to enable highly reliable communications. The goal of this work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Tu N. Nguyen , Kashyab J. Ambarani , Linh Le , Ivan Djordjevic , Zhi-Li Zhang

Protocols for distributed quantum systems commonly require the simultaneous availability of $n$ entangled states, each with a fidelity above some fixed minimum $F_{\mathrm{app}}$ relative to the target maximally-entangled state. However,…

Generating entanglement deterministically at a capacity-approaching rate is critical for next-generation quantum networks. We propose weak-coherent-state-assisted protocols that can generate entanglement near-deterministically between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-06 Chaohan Cui , Prajit Dhara , Saikat Guha