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With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

The ability of large language models to generate complex texts allows them to be widely integrated into many aspects of life, and their output can quickly fill all network resources. As the impact of LLMs grows, it becomes increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yongye Su , Yuqing Wu

Large Language Model-based Time Series Forecasting (LLMTS) has shown remarkable promise in handling complex and diverse temporal data, representing a significant step toward foundation models for time series analysis. However, this emerging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Wei Yuan , Chaoqun Yang , Yu Xing , Tong Chen , Nguyen Quoc Viet Hung , Hongzhi Yin

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need to distinguish between human-written and LLM-generated text to ensure authenticity and societal trust. Existing detectors typically provide a binary classification for an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mengchu Li , Jin Zhu , Jinglai Li , Chengchun Shi

The advancements in audio generative models have opened up new challenges in their responsible disclosure and the detection of their misuse. In response, we introduce a method to watermark latent generative models by a specific watermarking…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Robin San Roman , Pierre Fernandez , Antoine Deleforge , Yossi Adi , Romain Serizel

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial technique for detecting and attributing content generated by large language models. While recent advancements have utilized watermark ensembles to enhance robustness, prevailing methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Jingqi Zhang , Heng Huang

Sign spotting, the task of identifying and localizing individual signs within continuous sign language video, plays a pivotal role in scaling dataset annotations and addressing the severe data scarcity issue in sign language translation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 JianHe Low , Ozge Mercanoglu Sincan , Richard Bowden

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) is a promising approach for detecting LLM-generated text and enabling responsible deployment. However, existing watermarking methods are often vulnerable to semantic-invariant attacks, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhenxin Ai , Haiyun He

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking is crucial for establishing the provenance of machine-generated text, but most existing methods rely on a centralized trust model. This model forces users to reveal potentially sensitive text to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Xiaokun Luan , Yihao Zhang , Pengcheng Su , Feiran Lei , Meng Sun

We propose a methodology for planting watermarks in text from an autoregressive language model that are robust to perturbations without changing the distribution over text up to a certain maximum generation budget. We generate watermarked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Rohith Kuditipudi , John Thickstun , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Percy Liang

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique for tracing the authorship of content generated by large language models (LLMs). Among existing approaches, the KGW scheme is particularly attractive due to its versatility, efficiency, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Chenxi Gu , Xiaoning Du , John Grundy

We propose an imperceptible multi-bit text watermark embedded by paraphrasing with LLMs. We fine-tune a pair of LLM paraphrasers that are designed to behave differently so that their paraphrasing difference reflected in the text semantics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xiaojun Xu , Jinghan Jia , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu , Hang Li

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have proven to be a crucial component of modern natural language processing systems. PLMs typically need to be fine-tuned on task-specific downstream datasets, which makes it hard to claim the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Chenxi Gu , Chengsong Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionised the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and have achieved state-of-the-art performance in practically every task in this field. However, the prevalent approach used in text generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Nicolo Micheletti , Samuel Belkadi , Lifeng Han , Goran Nenadic

Large Language Models (LLMs) are a powerful tool for statistical text analysis, with derived sequences of next-token probability distributions offering a wealth of information. Extracting this signal typically relies on metrics such as…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, demonstrating impressive capabilities across diverse tasks. However, deploying these models introduces critical risks related to intellectual property violations and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah , My T. Thai

Recent advances in the capabilities of large language models such as GPT-4 have spurred increasing concern about our ability to detect AI-generated text. Prior works have suggested methods of embedding watermarks in model outputs, by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Or Zamir

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Large language models (LLMs) raise concerns about content authenticity and integrity because they can generate human-like text at scale. Text watermarks, which embed detectable statistical signals into generated text, offer a provable way…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Weiqing He , Xiang Li , Tianqi Shang , Li Shen , Weijie Su , Qi Long

Various watermarking methods (``watermarkers'') have been proposed to identify LLM-generated texts; yet, due to the lack of unified evaluation platforms, many critical questions remain under-explored: i) What are the strengths/limitations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jiacheng Liang , Zian Wang , Lauren Hong , Shouling Ji , Ting Wang