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With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), aligning policy models with human preferences has become increasingly critical. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a promising approach for alignment, acting as an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Wenyi Xiao , Zechuan Wang , Leilei Gan , Shuai Zhao , Zongrui Li , Ruirui Lei , Wanggui He , Luu Anh Tuan , Long Chen , Hao Jiang , Zhou Zhao , Fei Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular due to their ability to process and generate natural language. However, as they are trained on massive datasets of text, LLMs can inherit harmful biases and produce outputs that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Qi Gou , Cam-Tu Nguyen

The widespread application of large language models (LLMs) raises increasing demands on ensuring safety or imposing constraints, such as reducing harmful content and adhering to predefined rules. While there have been several works studying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yihan Du , Seo Taek Kong , R. Srikant

Multi-objective preference alignment of large language models (LLMs) is critical for developing AI systems that are more configurable, personalizable, helpful, and safe. However, optimizing model outputs to satisfy diverse objectives with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Raghav Gupta , Ryan Sullivan , Yunxuan Li , Samrat Phatale , Abhinav Rastogi

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is currently the most widely used method to align large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Existing RLHF methods can be roughly categorized as either reward-based or reward-free.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Shusheng Xu , Wei Fu , Jiaxuan Gao , Wenjie Ye , Weilin Liu , Zhiyu Mei , Guangju Wang , Chao Yu , Yi Wu

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly adapted to downstream tasks through fine-tuning, but fine-tuning data often contains sensitive information that may be leaked by the resulting model. Differential privacy (DP) offers formal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haichao Sha , Zihao Wang , Yuncheng Wu , Hong Chen , Wei Dong

Aligning large language models (LLMs) to human preferences is a crucial step in building helpful and safe AI tools, which usually involve training on supervised datasets. Popular algorithms such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Honggen Zhang , Xufeng Zhao , Igor Molybog , June Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen widespread adoption due to their remarkable natural language capabilities. However, when deploying them in real-world settings, it is important to align LLMs to generate texts according to acceptable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Qizhang Feng , Siva Rajesh Kasa , Santhosh Kumar Kasa , Hyokun Yun , Choon Hui Teo , Sravan Babu Bodapati

As deep learning methods increasingly utilize sensitive data on a widespread scale, differential privacy (DP) offers formal guarantees to protect against information leakage during model training. A significant challenge remains in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Jay Chooi , Kevin Cong , Russell Li , Lillian Sun

Differential Privacy (DP) is a widely adopted technique, valued for its effectiveness in protecting the privacy of task-specific datasets, making it a critical tool for large language models. However, its effectiveness in Multimodal Large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Qianshan Wei , Jiaqi Li , Zihan You , Yi Zhan , Kecen Li , Jialin Wu , Xinfeng Li Hengjun Liu , Yi Yu , Bin Cao , Yiwen Xu , Yang Liu , Guilin Qi

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) or multimodal large language models represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, enabling systems to understand and generate content across both visual and textual modalities. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Campbell Wilson , Janis Dalins

General-purpose large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable generative and reasoning capabilities but remain limited in healthcare and caregiving applications due to two key deficiencies: factual unreliability and a lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Emre Umucu , Guillermina Solis , Leon Garza , Emilia Rivas , Beatrice Lee , Anantaa Kotal , Aritran Piplai

Large language models (LLMs) have formulated a blueprint for the advancement of artificial general intelligence. Its primary objective is to function as a human-centric (helpful, honest, and harmless) assistant. Alignment with humans…

Ensuring alignment with human preferences is a crucial characteristic of large language models (LLMs). Presently, the primary alignment methods, RLHF and DPO, require extensive human annotation, which is expensive despite their efficacy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Haotian Luo

While open Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress, they still fall short of matching the performance of their closed, proprietary counterparts, making the latter attractive even for the use on highly private data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Vincent Hanke , Tom Blanchard , Franziska Boenisch , Iyiola Emmanuel Olatunji , Michael Backes , Adam Dziedzic

Language models are capable of memorizing detailed patterns and information, leading to a double-edged effect: they achieve impressive modeling performance on downstream tasks with the stored knowledge but also raise significant privacy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Xianzhi Li , Ran Zmigrod , Zhiqiang Ma , Xiaomo Liu , Xiaodan Zhu

The generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools based on Large Language Models (LLMs) use billions of parameters to extensively analyse large datasets and extract critical private information such as, context, specific details,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Imdad Ullah , Najm Hassan , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Basem Suleiman , Tariq Ahamed Ahanger , Zawar Shah , Junaid Qadir , Salil S. Kanhere

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is a critical challenge in AI research. While methods like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) are widely used, they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xuan Qi , Rongwu Xu , Zhijing Jin

We investigate practical and scalable algorithms for training large language models (LLMs) with user-level differential privacy (DP) in order to provably safeguard all the examples contributed by each user. We study two variants of DP-SGD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Zachary Charles , Arun Ganesh , Ryan McKenna , H. Brendan McMahan , Nicole Mitchell , Krishna Pillutla , Keith Rush

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly transformed natural language understanding and generation, but they raise privacy concerns due to potential exposure of sensitive information. Studies have highlighted the risk of information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Bishnu Bhusal , Manoj Acharya , Ramneet Kaur , Colin Samplawski , Anirban Roy , Adam D. Cobb , Rohit Chadha , Susmit Jha