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Deep neural network (DNN) models, including those used in safety-critical domains, need to be thoroughly tested to ensure that they can reliably perform well in different scenarios. In this article, we provide an overview of structural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Muhammad Usman , Youcheng Sun , Divya Gopinath , Rishi Dange , Luca Manolache , Corina S. Pasareanu

Deep neural networks (DNN) are increasingly applied in safety-critical systems, e.g., for face recognition, autonomous car control and malware detection. It is also shown that DNNs are subject to attacks such as adversarial perturbation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Yizhen Dong , Peixin Zhang , Jingyi Wang , Shuang Liu , Jun Sun , Jianye Hao , Xinyu Wang , Li Wang , Jin Song Dong , Dai Ting

Many test coverage metrics have been proposed to measure the Deep Neural Network (DNN) testing effectiveness, including structural coverage and non-structural coverage. These test coverage metrics are proposed based on the fundamental…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Ming Yan , Junjie Chen , Xuejie Cao , Zhuo Wu , Yuning Kang , Zan Wang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have a wide range of applications, and software employing them must be thoroughly tested, especially in safety-critical domains. However, traditional software test coverage metrics cannot be applied directly to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Youcheng Sun , Xiaowei Huang , Daniel Kroening , James Sharp , Matthew Hill , Rob Ashmore

The great performance of machine learning algorithms and deep neural networks in several perception and control tasks is pushing the industry to adopt such technologies in safety-critical applications, as autonomous robots and self-driving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Giulio Rossolini , Alessandro Biondi , Giorgio Buttazzo

Deep learning has recently been widely applied to many applications across different domains, e.g., image classification and audio recognition. However, the quality of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) still raises concerns in the practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Xiaofei Xie , Tianlin Li , Jian Wang , Lei Ma , Qing Guo , Felix Juefei-Xu , Yang Liu

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), with its promising performance, are being increasingly used in safety critical applications such as autonomous driving, cancer detection, and secure authentication. With growing importance in deep learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Senthil Mani , Anush Sankaran , Srikanth Tamilselvam , Akshay Sethi

The growing use of deep neural networks in safety-critical applications makes it necessary to carry out adequate testing to detect and correct any incorrect behavior for corner case inputs before they can be actually used. Deep neural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Jasmine Sekhon , Cody Fleming

Deep neural networks (DNN) have been widely applied in modern life, including critical domains like autonomous driving, making it essential to ensure the reliability and robustness of DNN-powered systems. As an analogy to code coverage…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Zhou Yang , Jieke Shi , Muhammad Hilmi Asyrofi , David Lo

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of applications, while they are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which motivates the evaluation and benchmark of model robustness. However, current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Jun Guo , Wei Bao , Jiakai Wang , Yuqing Ma , Xinghai Gao , Gang Xiao , Aishan Liu , Jian Dong , Xianglong Liu , Wenjun Wu

Various deep neural network (DNN) coverage criteria have been proposed to assess DNN test inputs and steer input mutations. The coverage is characterized via neurons having certain outputs, or the discrepancy between neuron outputs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Yuanyuan Yuan , Qi Pang , Shuai Wang

In deep learning, dense layer connectivity has become a key design principle in deep neural networks (DNNs), enabling efficient information flow and strong performance across a range of applications. In this work, we model densely connected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Jinshu Huang , Haibin Su , Xue-Cheng Tai , Chunlin Wu

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been extensively used in many areas including image processing, medical diagnostics, and autonomous driving. However, DNNs can exhibit erroneous behaviours that may lead to critical errors, especially when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Zohreh Aghababaeyan , Manel Abdellatif , Lionel Briand , Ramesh S , Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been applied to a broad range of applications, including natural language processing, drug discovery, and video recognition. Their vulnerability to input perturbation is also known. Aligning with a view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Wei Huang , Youcheng Sun , Xingyu Zhao , James Sharp , Wenjie Ruan , Jie Meng , Xiaowei Huang

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) have improved the quality of several non-safety related products in the past years. However, before DNNs should be deployed to safety-critical applications, their robustness needs to be systematically analyzed. A…

As Deep Learning (DL) models are increasingly applied in safety-critical domains, ensuring their quality has emerged as a pressing challenge in modern software engineering. Among emerging validation paradigms, coverage-guided testing (CGT)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Hongjing Guo , Chuanqi Tao , Zhiqiu Huang , Weiqin Zou

Deep neural network (DNN) is a popular model implemented in many systems to handle complex tasks such as image classification, object recognition, natural language processing etc. Consequently DNN structural vulnerabilities become part of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Juan Shu , Bowei Xi , Charles Kamhoua

The growing use of deep neural networks (DNNs) in safety- and security-critical areas like autonomous driving raises the need for their systematic testing. Coverage-guided testing (CGT) is an approach that applies mutation or fuzzing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Svetlana Pavlitskaya , Şiyar Yıkmış , J. Marius Zöllner

Explainability has been widely stated as a cornerstone of the responsible and trustworthy use of machine learning models. With the ubiquitous use of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models expanding to risk-sensitive and safety-critical domains,…

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