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A/B testing is an important decision making tool in product development because can provide an accurate estimate of the average treatment effect of a new features, which allows developers to understand how the business impact of new changes…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-22 Guillaume Saint-Jacques , James Eric Sorenson , Nanyu Chen , Ya Xu

Technology firms conduct randomized controlled experiments ("A/B tests") to learn which actions to take to improve business outcomes. In firms with mature experimentation platforms, experimentation programs can consist of many thousands of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-30 Winston Chou , Colin Gray , Nathan Kallus , Aurélien Bibaut , Simon Ejdemyr

We study user sentiment (reported via optional surveys) as a metric for fully randomized A/B tests. Both user-level covariates and treatment assignment can impact response propensity. We propose a set of consistent estimators for the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-27 Ercan Yildiz , Joshua Safyan , Marc Harper

Comparisons of different treatments or production processes are the goals of a significant fraction of applied research. Unsurprisingly, two-sample problems play a main role in Statistics through natural questions such as `Is the the new…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-05 P. C. Álvarez-Esteban , E. del Barrio , J. A. Cuesta-Albertos , C. Matrán

U-statistics play central roles in many statistical learning tools but face the haunting issue of scalability. Significant efforts have been devoted into accelerating computation by U-statistic reduction. However, existing results almost…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-07 Meijia Shao , Dong Xia , Yuan Zhang

This paper examines how spillover effects in A/B testing can impede organizational progress and develops strategies for mitigating these challenges. We identify a phenomenon termed ``seesaw experimentation'', where a firm's overall…

General Economics · Economics 2025-01-16 Jin Li , Ye Luo , Xiaowei Zhang

Bayesian A/B testing investigates metric changes using the joint posterior distribution of two (or more) experimentally-derived datasets. The construction of said joint posterior is often a time-consuming process requiring specialized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-12 Dustin Hayden , Thomas Armitage

A/B testing is ubiquitous within the machine learning and data science operations of internet companies. Generically, the idea is to perform a statistical test of the hypothesis that a new feature is better than the existing platform---for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-11 David Goldberg , James E. Johndrow

A/B testing, or controlled experiments, is the gold standard approach to causally compare the performance of algorithms on online platforms. However, conventional Bernoulli randomization in A/B testing faces many challenges such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Yongkang Guo , Yuan Yuan , Jinshan Zhang , Yuqing Kong , Zhihua Zhu , Zheng Cai

We describe how to calculate standard errors for A/B tests that include clustered data, ratio metrics, and/or covariate adjustment. We may do this for power analysis/sample size calculations prior to running an experiment using historical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-12 Tim Hesterberg , Ben Knight

Large-scale randomized experiments, sometimes called A/B tests, are increasingly prevalent in many industries. Though such experiments are often analyzed via frequentist $t$-tests, arguably such analyses are deficient: $p$-values are hard…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-27 F. Richard Guo , James McQueen , Thomas S. Richardson

Randomized experiments (a.k.a. A/B tests) are a powerful tool for estimating treatment effects, to inform decisions making in business, healthcare and other applications. In many problems, the treatment has a lasting effect that evolves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Ziyang Tang , Yiheng Duan , Stephanie Zhang , Lihong Li

Recent research in causal inference under network interference has explored various experimental designs and estimation techniques to address this issue. However, existing methods, which typically rely on single experiments, often reach a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-10 Qianyi Chen , Bo Li

A/B testing is a widely-used paradigm within marketing optimization because it promises identification of causal effects and because it is implemented out of the box in most messaging delivery software platforms. Modern businesses, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Schaun Wheeler

Randomized experimentation (also known as A/B testing or bucket testing) is widely used in the internet industry to measure the metric impact obtained by different treatment variants. A/B tests identify the treatment variant showing the…

Existing sequential generalized estimating equation methodology for longitudinal and group-correlated data focuses on narrow hypotheses concerning treatment efficacy and often makes modeling assumptions that impede the desirable robustness…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-16 Nathan T. Provost , Abdus S. Wahed

Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) have become the gold standard for learning the impact of new product features in technology companies. Randomization enables the inference of causality from an A/B test. The randomized assignment…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-20 Qike Li , Samir Jamkhande , Pavel Kochetkov , Pai Liu

With the growing needs of online A/B testing to support the innovation in industry, the opportunity cost of running an experiment becomes non-negligible. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for an efficient continuous monitoring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Runzhe Wan , Yu Liu , James McQueen , Doug Hains , Rui Song

This paper presents a Bayesian framework for assessing the adequacy of a model without the necessity of explicitly enumerating a specific alternate model. A test statistic is developed for tracking the performance of the model across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Kathryn Blackmond Laskey

Online evaluation of machine learning models is typically conducted through A/B experiments. Sequential statistical tests are valuable tools for analysing these experiments, as they enable researchers to stop data collection early without…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-08 Alexey Kurennoy , Majed Dodin , Tural Gurbanov , Ana Peleteiro Ramallo