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This paper studies the performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly regarding demographic fairness, in solving real-world healthcare tasks. We evaluate state-of-the-art LLMs with three prevalent learning frameworks across six…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yue Zhou , Barbara Di Eugenio , Lu Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown powerful performance and development prospects and are widely deployed in the real world. However, LLMs can capture social biases from unprocessed training data and propagate the biases to downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Yingji Li , Mengnan Du , Rui Song , Xin Wang , Ying Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across various domains but often lack fairness considerations, potentially leading to discriminatory outcomes against marginalized populations. Unlike fairness in traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Thang Doan Viet , Zichong Wang , Minh Nhat Nguyen , Wenbin Zhang

Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the lack of automated oracles for verifying output correctness remains a key challenge. We present LLMORPH, an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, demonstrating remarkable computational power and linguistic capabilities. However, these models are inherently prone to various biases stemming from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Riccardo Cantini , Giada Cosenza , Alessio Orsino , Domenico Talia

LLM-based automated program repair (APR) techniques have shown promising results in reducing debugging costs. However, prior results can be affected by data leakage: large language models (LLMs) may memorize bug fixes when evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Milan De Koning , Ali Asgari , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Annibale Panichella

The growing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into critical societal domains has raised concerns about embedded biases that can perpetuate stereotypes and undermine fairness. Such biases may stem from historical inequalities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Riccardo Cantini , Alessio Orsino , Massimo Ruggiero , Domenico Talia

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced interactions between users and models. These advancements concurrently underscore the need for rigorous safety evaluations due to the manifestation of social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Dahyun Jung , Seungyoon Lee , Hyeonseok Moon , Chanjun Park , Heuiseok Lim

Large Language Model (LLM)-based systems present new opportunities for autonomous health monitoring in sensor-rich industrial environments. This study explores the potential of LLMs to detect and classify faults directly from sensor data,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xian Yeow Lee , Lasitha Vidyaratne , Ahmed Farahat , Chetan Gupta

This paper investigates the parameter space of machine learning (ML) algorithms in aggravating or mitigating fairness bugs. Data-driven software is increasingly applied in social-critical applications where ensuring fairness is of paramount…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Ashish Kumar , Gang Tan , Ashutosh Trivedi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across various domains. However, despite their promising performance in numerous real-world applications, most of these algorithms lack fairness considerations. Consequently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Zhibo Chu , Zichong Wang , Wenbin Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs), though shown to be effective in many applications, can vary significantly in their response quality. In this paper, we investigate this problem of prompt fairness: specifically, the phrasing of a prompt by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Meiyu Zhong , Noel Teku , Ravi Tandon

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherit explicit and implicit biases from their training datasets. Identifying and mitigating biases in LLMs is crucial to ensure fair outputs, as they can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misinformation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fatima Kazi , Alex Young , Yash Inani , Setareh Rafatirad

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit socio-economic biases that can propagate into downstream tasks. While prior studies have questioned whether intrinsic bias in LLMs affects fairness at the downstream task level, this work empirically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 'Mina Arzaghi' , 'Alireza Dehghanpour Farashah' , 'Florian Carichon' , ' Golnoosh Farnadi'

The presence of social biases in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) systems is an ongoing challenge, which underlines the importance of developing robust approaches to identifying and evaluating such biases. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Maryam Mousavian , Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a milestone in the field of artificial intelligence and natural language processing. However, their large-scale deployment remains constrained by the need for significant computational resources.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Julián Camilo Velandia Gutiérrez

Frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) can be socially discriminatory or sensitive to spurious features of their inputs. Because only well-resourced corporations can train frontier LLMs, we need robust test-time strategies to control such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Leonardo Cotta , Chris J. Maddison

Nowadays, Large Language Models (LLMs) are foundational components of modern software systems. As their influence grows, concerns about fairness have become increasingly pressing. Prior work has proposed metamorphic testing to detect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Alessandra Parziale , Gianmario Voria , Valeria Pontillo , Gemma Catolino , Andrea De Lucia , Fabio Palomba

Zero-shot LLMs are now also used for textual classification tasks, e.g., sentiment and bias detection in a sentence or article. However, their performance can be suboptimal in such data annotation tasks. We introduce a novel technique that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sina Salimian , Gias Uddin , Shaina Raza , Henry Leung

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for downstream tasks such as tabular classification, where ensuring fairness in their outputs is critical for inclusivity, equal representation, and responsible AI deployment. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Garima Chhikara , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Abhijnan Chakraborty