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With the widespread use of multi-modal Large Language models (MLLMs), safety issues have become a growing concern. Multi-turn dialogues, which are more common in everyday interactions, pose a greater risk than single prompts; however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Han Zhu , Juntao Dai , Jiaming Ji , Haoran Li , Chengkun Cai , Pengcheng Wen , Chi-Min Chan , Boyuan Chen , Yaodong Yang , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited great performance in autonomously calling various tools in external environments, leading to better problem solving and task automation capabilities. However, these external tools also amplify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Hongfei Xia , Hongru Wang , Zeming Liu , Qian Yu , Yuhang Guo , Haifeng Wang

Large Language Models increasingly power critical infrastructure from healthcare to finance, yet their vulnerability to adversarial manipulation threatens system integrity and user safety. Despite growing deployment, no comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Taiwo Onitiju , Iman Vakilinia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation, but their proficiency in producing secure code remains a critical, under-explored area. Existing benchmarks often fall short by relying on synthetic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yanlin Wang , Ziyao Zhang , Chong Wang , Xinyi Xu , Mingwei Liu , Yong Wang , Jiachi Chen , Zibin Zheng

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced critical security challenges, where adversarial actors can manipulate input prompts to cause significant harm and circumvent safety alignments. These prompt-based attacks…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), a universal open standard for connecting AI agents with data sources and external tools. While MCP enhances the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yixuan Yang , Cuifeng Gao , Daoyuan Wu , Yufan Chen , Yingjiu Li , Shuai Wang

Generative large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks, yet they remain susceptible to backdoor attacks: carefully crafted triggers in the input can manipulate the model to produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yige Li , Hanxun Huang , Yunhan Zhao , Xingjun Ma , Jun Sun

The increasing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various applications necessitates a rigorous evaluation of their robustness against adversarial attacks. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the robustness of GPT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Yiyi Tao , Yixian Shen , Hang Zhang , Yanxin Shen , Lun Wang , Chuanqi Shi , Shaoshuai Du

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving into agentic systems that reason, plan, and operate external tools. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a key enabler of this transition, offering a standardized interface for connecting LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xuanjun Zong , Zhiqi Shen , Lei Wang , Yunshi Lan , Chao Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in cybersecurity applications but have also caused lower confidence due to problems like hallucinations and a lack of truthfulness. Existing benchmarks provide general evaluations but…

The rise of Omni-modal Large Language Models (OLLMs), which integrate visual and auditory processing with text, necessitates robust safety evaluations to mitigate harmful outputs. However, no dedicated benchmarks currently exist for OLLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Leyi Pan , Zheyu Fu , Yunpeng Zhai , Shuchang Tao , Sheng Guan , Shiyu Huang , Lingzhe Zhang , Zhaoyang Liu , Bolin Ding , Felix Henry , Aiwei Liu , Lijie Wen

We introduce LiveSecBench, a continuously updated safety benchmark specifically for Chinese-language LLM application scenarios. LiveSecBench constructs a high-quality and unique dataset through a pipeline that combines automated generation…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been suggested for use in automated vulnerability repair, but benchmarks showing they can consistently identify security-related bugs are lacking. We thus develop SecLLMHolmes, a fully automated evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Saad Ullah , Mingji Han , Saurabh Pujar , Hammond Pearce , Ayse Coskun , Gianluca Stringhini

Modern software relies on a multitude of automated testing and quality assurance tools to prevent errors, bugs and potential vulnerabilities. This study sets out to provide a head-to-head, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of six…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Damian Gnieciak , Tomasz Szandala

The code generation capabilities of large language models(LLMs) have emerged as a critical dimension in evaluating their overall performance. However, prior research has largely overlooked the security risks inherent in the generated code.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Xinghang Li , Jingzhe Ding , Chao Peng , Bing Zhao , Xiang Gao , Hongwan Gao , Xinchen Gu

The bulk of existing research in defending against adversarial examples focuses on defending against a single (typically bounded Lp-norm) attack, but for a practical setting, machine learning (ML) models should be robust to a wide variety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Sihui Dai , Saeed Mahloujifar , Chong Xiang , Vikash Sehwag , Pin-Yu Chen , Prateek Mittal

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

As the performance of large language models (LLMs) continues to advance, their adoption in the medical domain is increasing. However, most existing risk evaluations largely focused on general safety benchmarks. In the medical applications,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Jean-Philippe Corbeil , Minseon Kim , Maxime Griot , Sheela Agarwal , Alessandro Sordoni , Francois Beaulieu , Paul Vozila

Large Language Models (LLMs) require careful safety alignment to prevent malicious outputs. While significant research focuses on mitigating harmful content generation, the enhanced safety often come with the side effect of over-refusal,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Justin Cui , Wei-Lin Chiang , Ion Stoica , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of visual reasoning tasks, yet their vulnerability to safety risks remains a pressing concern. While prior research primarily focuses on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ce Zhang , Jinxi He , Junyi He , Katia Sycara , Yaqi Xie