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We study the robustness of deep reinforcement learning algorithms against distribution shifts within contextual multi-stage stochastic combinatorial optimization problems from the operations research domain. In this context, risk-sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Tobias Enders , James Harrison , Maximilian Schiffer

The majority of standard approaches to financial portfolio optimization (PO) are based on the mean-variance (MV) framework. Given a risk aversion coefficient, the MV procedure yields a single portfolio that represents the optimal trade-off…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-02-27 Bruno Gašperov , Marko Đurasević , Domagoj Jakobovic

We study robust reinforcement learning (RL) with the goal of determining a well-performing policy that is robust against model mismatch between the training simulator and the testing environment. Previous policy-based robust RL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Ruida Zhou , Tao Liu , Min Cheng , Dileep Kalathil , P. R. Kumar , Chao Tian

This study proposes a regime-aware reinforcement learning framework for long-horizon portfolio optimization. Moving beyond traditional feedforward and GARCH-based models, we design realistic environments where agents dynamically reallocate…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-19 Gabriel Nixon Raj

It is difficult to be able to imitate well in unknown states from a small amount of expert data and sampling data. Supervised learning methods such as Behavioral Cloning do not require sampling data, but usually suffer from distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Daichi Nishio , Daiki Kuyoshi , Toi Tsuneda , Satoshi Yamane

Designing efficient algorithms for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is fundamentally challenging because the size of the joint state and action spaces grows exponentially in the number of agents. These difficulties are exacerbated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Emile Anand , Ishani Karmarkar , Guannan Qu

Machine learning (ML) methods have been successfully employed in identifying variables that can predict the equity premium of individual stocks. In this paper, we investigate if ML can also be helpful in selecting variables relevant for…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-08-22 Guilherme V. Moura , André P. Santos , Hudson S. Torrent

This paper establishes a new and comprehensive theoretical analysis for the application of reinforcement learning (RL) in high-frequency market making. We bridge the modern RL theory and the continuous-time statistical models in…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-08-13 Yuheng Zheng , Zihan Ding

This research is concerned with the novel application and investigation of `Soft Actor Critic' (SAC) based Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to control the cooling setpoint (and hence cooling loads) of a large commercial building to harness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Anjukan Kathirgamanathan , Eleni Mangina , Donal P. Finn

Robo-advisors (RAs) are automated portfolio management systems that complement traditional financial advisors by offering lower fees and smaller initial investment requirements. While most existing RAs rely on static, one-period allocation…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-15 Tomasz R. Bielecki , Igor Cialenco

When we implement a portfolio selection methodology under a mean-risk formulation, it is essential to correctly model investors' risk aversion which may be time-dependent, or even state-dependent during the investment procedure. In this…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2015-08-04 Xiangyu Cui , Xun Li , Duan Li , Yun Shi

Model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been demonstrated on a range of challenging decision making and control tasks. However, these methods typically suffer from two major challenges: very high sample complexity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-10 Tuomas Haarnoja , Aurick Zhou , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

The Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm with a Gaussian policy has become a mainstream implementation for realizing the Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning (MaxEnt RL) objective, which incorporates entropy maximization to encourage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Xiaoyi Dong , Jian Cheng , Xi Sheryl Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) with sparse and deceptive rewards is challenging because non-zero rewards are rarely obtained. Hence, the gradient calculated by the agent can be stochastic and without valid information. Recent studies that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Guojian Wang , Faguo Wu , Xiao Zhang , Jianxiang Liu

This paper bridges reinforcement learning (RL) and risk-sensitive stochastic control by introducing a tractable exploration mechanism for policy search in risk-sensitive portfolio management, with known and unknown model parameters, that…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-03 Sebastien Lleo , Wolfgang Runggaldier

Designing sample-efficient and computationally feasible reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms is particularly challenging in environments with large or infinite state and action spaces. In this paper, we advance this effort by presenting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zakaria Mhammedi

The problem of portfolio management represents an important and challenging class of dynamic decision making problems, where rebalancing decisions need to be made over time with the consideration of many factors such as investors…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-09-29 Saeed Marzban , Erick Delage , Jonathan Yumeng Li , Jeremie Desgagne-Bouchard , Carl Dussault

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), the mathematical framework underlying most algorithms in Reinforcement Learning (RL), are often used in a way that wrongfully assumes that the state of an agent's environment does not change during action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Simon Ramstedt , Christopher Pal

Online reinforcement learning (RL) with complex function approximations such as transformers and deep neural networks plays a significant role in the modern practice of artificial intelligence. Despite its popularity and importance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Tong Yang , Bo Dai , Lin Xiao , Yuejie Chi

This paper introduces a novel reinforcement learning (RL) strategy designed to facilitate rapid autonomy transfer by utilizing pre-trained critic value functions from multiple environments. Unlike traditional methods that require extensive…