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This paper aims to efficiently enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to use multimodal tools. Advanced proprietary LLMs, such as ChatGPT and GPT-4, have shown great potential for tool usage through sophisticated prompt engineering.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Rui Yang , Lin Song , Yanwei Li , Sijie Zhao , Yixiao Ge , Xiu Li , Ying Shan

LLM-based agents depend on effective tool-use policies to solve complex tasks, yet optimizing these policies remains challenging due to delayed supervision and the difficulty of credit assignment in long-horizon trajectories. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Shuo Yang , Soyeon Caren Han , Xueqi Ma , Yan Li , Mohammad Reza Ghasemi Madani , Eduard Hovy

The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiaxuan Lu , Ziyu Kong , Yemin Wang , Rong Fu , Haiyuan Wan , Cheng Yang , Wenjie Lou , Haoran Sun , Lilong Wang , Yankai Jiang , Xiaosong Wang , Xiao Sun , Dongzhan Zhou

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the effectiveness of Iterative Self-Improvement (ISI) techniques. However, continuous training on self-generated data leads to reduced output diversity, a limitation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yiwei Qin , Yixiu Liu , Pengfei Liu

Recently, large language models(LLMs) have played an increasingly important role in solving a wide range of NLP tasks, leveraging their capabilities of natural language understanding and generating. Integration with external tools further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Aiyao He , Sijia Cui , Shuai Xu , Yanna Wang , Bo Xu

This paper presents the LLM-ADE framework, a novel methodology for continued pre-training of large language models (LLMs) that addresses the challenges of catastrophic forgetting and double descent. LLM-ADE employs dynamic architectural…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Stephen Choi , William Gazeley

Frontier model developers aim to train models continually to possess emergent, diverse capabilities. To extend capabilities, the current pre-training and post-training paradigm requires manually starting training runs with static datasets…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Andrew Dai , Boris Meinardus , Ciaran Regan , Yingtao Tian , Yujin Tang

Large language model (LLM) agents rely on external tools to solve complex tasks, but real-world toolsets often contain redundant tools with overlapping names and descriptions, introducing ambiguity and reducing selection accuracy. LLMs also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marianne Menglin Liu , Daniel Garcia , Fjona Parllaku , Vikas Upadhyay , Syed Fahad Allam Shah , Dan Roth

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks. Techniques like instruction tuning have effectively enhanced the proficiency of LLMs in the downstream task of machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Yutong Wang , Jiali Zeng , Xuebo Liu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Min Zhang

Tool learning with foundation models aims to endow AI systems with the ability to invoke external resources -- such as APIs, computational utilities, and specialized models -- to solve complex tasks beyond the reach of standalone language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Gabriele Mattioli , Evelyn Turri , Sara Sarto , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Instruction tuning is widely used to improve a pre-trained Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) by training it on curated task-specific datasets, enabling better comprehension of human instructions. However, it is infeasible to collect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Haiyang Guo , Fanhu Zeng , Ziwei Xiang , Fei Zhu , Da-Han Wang , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) require precise alignment with complex instructions to optimize their performance in real-world applications. As the demand for refined instruction tuning data increases, traditional methods that evolve simple…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jiuding Yang , Shengyao Lu , Weidong Guo , Xiangyang Li , Kaitong Yang , Yu Xu , Di Niu

As large language models (LLMs) advance, their inability to autonomously execute tasks by directly interacting with external tools remains a critical limitation. Traditional methods rely on inputting tool descriptions as context, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Renxi Wang , Xudong Han , Lei Ji , Shu Wang , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Language models (LMs) can solve tasks such as answering questions about tables or images by writing programs. However, using primitive functions often leads to verbose and error-prone programs, and higher-level functions require expert…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Zhiruo Wang , Daniel Fried , Graham Neubig

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their reasoning capabilities by using external tools. However, many tasks lack predefined tools. Prior works have explored instructing LLMs to generate tools on their own, but such approaches depend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiao Liu , Da Yin , Zirui Wu , Yansong Feng

Self-improvement is a significant techniques within the realm of large language model (LLM), aiming to enhance the LLM performance without relying on external data. Despite its significance, generally how LLM performances evolve during the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yifan Sun , Yushan Liang , Zhen Zhang , Xin Liu , Jiaye Teng

One paradigm of language model (LM) fine-tuning relies on creating large training datasets, under the assumption that high quantity and diversity will enable models to generalize to novel tasks after post-training. In practice, gathering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Emre Can Acikgoz , Cheng Qian , Heng Ji , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur

Function calling significantly extends the application boundary of large language models, where high-quality and diverse training data is critical for unlocking this capability. However, real function-calling data is quite challenging to…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable self-improvement capabilities, whereby models iteratively revise their outputs through self-generated feedback. While this reflective mechanism has shown promise in enhancing task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Liangjie Huang , Dawei Li , Huan Liu , Lu Cheng

Multi-objective discrete optimization problems, such as molecular design, pose significant challenges due to their vast and unstructured combinatorial spaces. Traditional evolutionary algorithms often get trapped in local optima, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Nian Ran , Zhongzheng Li , Yue Wang , Qingsong Ran , Xiaoyuan Zhang , Shikun Feng , Richard Allmendinger , Xiaoguang Zhao
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