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The origin of the rest-optical emission of compact, red, high-redshift sources known as `little red dots' (LRDs) poses a major puzzle. If interpreted as starlight, it would imply that LRDs would constitute the densest stellar systems in the…

The abundant population of "Little Red Dots" (LRDs)-compact objects with red UV to optical colors and broad Balmer lines at high redshift-is unveiling new insights into the properties of early active galactic nuclei (AGN). Perhaps the most…

We investigate the possibility that the recently identified population of high-redshift, obscured quasars - known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs) - originates from early black hole seed formation driven by ultra-strongly self-interacting dark…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-03-10 M. Grant Roberts , Lila Braff , Aarna Garg , Stefano Profumo , Tesla Jeltema

The advent of the James Webb Space Telescope has revolutionised our understanding of the high-redshift Universe through its detection of bright, massive galaxies up to $z\gtrsim 10$ and its identification of peculiar sources called `little…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-14 Giada Quadri , Alessandro Trinca , Alessandro Lupi , Monica Colpi , Marta Volonteri

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed a previously unknown population of compact, red galaxies at $z \sim 5$, known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). With effective radii of $\sim 100$ pc and stellar masses of $10^9-10^{11} \,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-11-14 Fabio Pacucci , Lars Hernquist , Michiko Fujii

Discovery of high-redshift (z > 6) supermassive black holes (BHs) may indicate that the rapid (or super-Eddington) gas accretion has aided their quick growth. Here, we study such rapid accretion of the primordial gas on to intermediate-mass…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-09-24 Kazuyuki Sugimura , Takashi Hosokawa , Hidenobu Yajima , Kazuyuki Omukai

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed a population of red and compact objects with a unique V-shape SED at z >= 4 known as Little Red Dots (LRDs). Most of the LRDs with existing spectral observations exhibit broad Balmer lines and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-06 Zijian Zhang , Linhua Jiang , Weiyang Liu , Luis C. Ho , Kohei Inayoshi

Little Red Dots, discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope, are hypothesized to be active galactic nuclei containing a supermassive black hole, possibly surrounded by a dense stellar cluster, large amounts of gas, and likely by a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-27 Konstantinos Kritos , Joseph Silk

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has uncovered a population of compact, high-redshift sources, the Little Red Dots (LRDs), which may host supermassive black holes (BHs) significantly heavier than their stellar content compared with…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-23 Valerio De Luca , Loris Del Grosso , Gabriele Franciolini , Konstantinos Kritos , Emanuele Berti , Daniel D'Orazio , Joseph Silk

The James Webb Space Telescope recently uncovered a population of massive black holes (BHs) in the first billion years after the Big Bang. Among these high-redshift BH candidates, observations have identified a class of active galactic…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-08-21 Elia Cenci , Melanie Habouzit

Little red dots (LRDs) are compact high-redshift objects, newly discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope. Although LRDs exhibit broad Balmer emission lines suggestive of the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGN), their spectral…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-29 Tomoya Suzuguchi , Kohei Inayoshi

We test whether ``little red dots'' (LRDs) are the dust-reddened, high-inclination counterparts of bluer compact broad-line active galactic nuclei, here referred to as ``little blue dots'' (LBDs), by modeling their relative number densities…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-07 Piero Madau , Roberto Maiolino

JWST has revealed a population of low-luminosity AGN at $z>4$ in compact, red hosts (the "Little Red Dots", or LRDs), which are largely undetected in X-rays. We investigate this phenomenon using GRRMHD simulations of super-Eddington…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-11-15 Fabio Pacucci , Ramesh Narayan

Little red dots (LRDs) are an abundant population of compact high-redshift sources with red rest-frame optical continua, discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Their red colors and power sources have been attributed either to…

We present a statistical study on the origins of the UV continuum and narrow/broad emission lines in little red dots (LRDs), presumably involving active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Leveraging all archived JWST/NIRSpec data, we build a sample of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-12 Yoshihisa Asada , Kohei Inayoshi , Qinyue Fei , Seiji Fujimoto , Chris Willott

Recent James Webb Space Telescope observations have revealed a peculiar class of galaxies at redshifts $z \gtrsim 6$, characterized by extremely high central stellar densities and overmassive central supermassive black holes (SMBHs),…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-09 Fazeel Mahmood Khan , Benjamin L. Davis , Andrea Valerio Macciò , Kelly Holley-Bockelmann

Little Red Dots (LRDs) challenge conventional models of active galactic nuclei. At rest-optical-to-near-infrared (IR) wavelengths, these compact extragalactic objects show blackbody-like continuum emission and spectral features reminiscent…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-03-04 Hanpu Liu , Yan-Fei Jiang , Eliot Quataert , Jenny E. Greene , Yilun Ma , Xiaojing Lin