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Since 2016, sharding has become an auspicious solution to tackle the scalability issue in legacy blockchain systems. Despite its potential to strongly boost the blockchain throughput, sharding comes with its own security issues. To ease the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Truc Nguyen , My T. Thai

Blockchain's decentralization, transparency, and tamper-resistance properties have facilitated the system's use in various application fields. However, the low throughput and high confirmation latency hinder the widespread adoption of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Md Mohaimin Al Barat , Shaoyu Li , Changlai Du , Y. Thomas Hou , Wenjing Lou

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

Although blockchains have become widely popular for their use in cryptocurrencies, they are now becoming pervasive as more traditional applications adopt blockchain to ensure data security. Despite being a secured network, blockchains have…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Faisal Haque Bappy , Tariqul Islam , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom

The development of blockchain applications increased the demand for blockchain performance. Among the attempts of many blockchain scale-out solutions, sharding can improve performance and reduce the storage requirements of each node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Jia Kan , Jie Zhang , Xin Huang

Blockchain networks offer decentralization, transparency, and immutability for managing critical data but encounter scalability problems as the number of network members and transaction issuers grows. Sharding is considered a promising…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yongrae Jo , Chanik Park

In today's blockchain system, designing a secure and high throughput blockchain on par with a centralized payment system is a difficult task. Sharding is one of the most worthwhile emerging technologies for improving the system throughput…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chenyu Huang , Zeyu Wang , Huangxun Chen , Qiwei Hu , Qian Zhang , Wei Wang , Xia Guan

We propose Shard Scheduler, a system for object placement and migration in account-based sharded blockchains. Our system calculates optimal placement and decides of object migrations across shards and supports complex multi-account…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Michał Król , Onur Ascigil , Sergi Rene , Alberto Sonnino , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Etienne Rivière

Sharding distributed ledgers is a promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchains but lacks formal grounds, nurturing skepticism on whether such complex systems can scale blockchains securely. We fill this gap by introducing the first…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georgia Avarikioti , Antoine Desjardins , Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias , Roger Wattenhofer

Blockchain performance has historically faced challenges posed by the throughput limitations of consensus algorithms. Recent breakthroughs in research have successfully alleviated these constraints by introducing a modular architecture that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ray Neiheiser , Arman Babaei , Giannis Alexopoulos , Marios Kogias , Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias

Nowadays, sharding is deemed as a promising way to save traditional blockchain protocols from their low scalability. However, such technique also brings several potential risks and huge communication overheads. An improper design may give…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Mengqian Zhang , Jichen Li , Zhaohua Chen , Hongyin Chen , Xiaotie Deng

Decentralized control, low-complexity, flexible and efficient communications are the requirements of an architecture that aims to scale blockchains beyond the current state. Such properties are attainable by reducing ledger size and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vishal Sharma , Zengpeng Li , Pawel Szalachowski , Teik Guan Tan , Jianying Zhou

Sharding enhances blockchain scalability by dividing the network into shards, each managing specific unspent transaction outputs or accounts. As an introduced new transaction type, cross-shard transactions pose a critical challenge to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Yizhong Liu , Andi Liu , Yuan Lu , Zhuocheng Pan , Yinuo Li , Jianwei Liu , Song Bian , Mauro Conti

Traditional public distributed ledgers have not been able to scale-out well and work efficiently. Sharding is deemed as a promising way to solve this problem. By partitioning all nodes into small committees and letting them work in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Mengqian Zhang , Jichen Li , Zhaohua Chen , Hongyin Chen , Xiaotie Deng

Traditional Blockchain Sharding approaches can only tolerate up to n/3 of nodes being adversary because they rely on the hypergeometric distribution to make a failure (an adversary does not have n/3 of nodes globally but can manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang

Sharding scales throughput by splitting blockchain nodes into parallel groups. However, different shards' independent and random scheduling for cross-shard transactions results in numerous conflicts and aborts, since cross-shard…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Jianting Zhang , Wuhui Chen , Jinwen Liang , Jie Zhang , Albert Zomaya

Bitcoin, as well as many of its successors, require the whole transaction record to be reliably acquired by all nodes to prevent double-spending. Recently, many blockchains have been proposed to achieve scale-out throughput by letting nodes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Zhijie Ren , Kelong Cong , Taico V. Aerts , Bart A. P. de Jonge , Alejandro F. Morais , Zekeriya Erkin

We present SmartShards: a new sharding algorithm for improving Byzantine tolerance and churn resistance in blockchains. Our algorithm places a peer in multiple shards to create an overlap. This simplifies cross-shard communication and shard…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Joseph Oglio , Mikhail Nesterenko , Gokarna Sharma

While blockchains initially gained popularity in the realm of cryptocurrencies, their widespread adoption is expanding beyond conventional applications, driven by the imperative need for enhanced data security. Despite providing a secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Faisal Haque Bappy , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom , Tariqul Islam

Data sharding, a technique for partitioning and distributing data among multiple servers or nodes, offers enhancements in the scalability, performance, and fault tolerance of extensive distributed systems. Nonetheless, this strategy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Ayush Thakur , Sanskar Chauhan , Ilisha Tomar , Vaibhavi Paul , Deepak Gupta