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Recent generative large language models (LLMs) show remarkable performance in non-English languages, but when prompted in those languages they tend to express higher harmful social biases and toxicity levels. Prior work has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Vera Neplenbroek , Arianna Bisazza , Raquel Fernández

The widespread use of social media necessitates reliable and efficient detection of offensive content to mitigate harmful effects. Although sophisticated models perform well on individual datasets, they often fail to generalize due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Huy Nghiem , Hal Daumé

Detecting online toxicity has always been a challenge due to its inherent subjectivity. Factors such as the context, geography, socio-political climate, and background of the producers and consumers of the posts play a crucial role in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Tanmay Garg , Sarah Masud , Tharun Suresh , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

In large language model (LLM) pretraining, data quality is believed to determine model quality. In this paper, we re-examine the notion of "quality" from the perspective of pre- and post-training co-design. Specifically, we explore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Kenneth Li , Yida Chen , Fernanda Viégas , Martin Wattenberg

Existing toxic detection models face significant limitations, such as lack of transparency, customization, and reproducibility. These challenges stem from the closed-source nature of their training data and the paucity of explanations for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Tinh Son Luong , Thanh-Thien Le , Thang Viet Doan , Linh Ngo Van , Thien Huu Nguyen , Diep Thi-Ngoc Nguyen

This paper introduces a deep learning model tailored for document information analysis, emphasizing document classification, entity relation extraction, and document visual question answering. The proposed model leverages transformer-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Tofik Ali , Partha Pratim Roy

Safety evaluation of multimodal foundation models often treats vision and language inputs separately, missing risks from joint interpretation where benign content becomes harmful in combination. Existing approaches also fail to distinguish…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shruti Palaskar , Leon Gatys , Mona Abdelrahman , Mar Jacobo , Larry Lindsey , Rutika Moharir , Gunnar Lund , Yang Xu , Navid Shiee , Jeffrey Bigham , Charles Maalouf , Joseph Yitan Cheng

The evolution of digital communication systems and the designs of online platforms have inadvertently facilitated the subconscious propagation of toxic behavior. Giving rise to reactive responses to toxic behavior. Toxicity in online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Smita Khapre , Melkamu Abay Mersha , Hassan Shakil , Jonali Baruah , Jugal Kalita

We present two novel unsupervised methods for eliminating toxicity in text. Our first method combines two recent ideas: (1) guidance of the generation process with small style-conditional language models and (2) use of paraphrasing models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-04 David Dale , Anton Voronov , Daryna Dementieva , Varvara Logacheva , Olga Kozlova , Nikita Semenov , Alexander Panchenko

The ability to accurately detect and filter offensive content automatically is important to ensure a rich and diverse digital discourse. Trolling is a type of hurtful or offensive content that is prevalent in social media, but is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Hitkul , Karmanya Aggarwal , Pakhi Bamdev , Debanjan Mahata , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Large language models frequently generate toxic, hateful, or harmful content, yet existing mitigation methods rely on costly retraining or output-level filtering with no mechanistic insight into where toxicity originates internally. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

The spread of toxic content online is an important problem that has adverse effects on user experience online and in our society at large. Motivated by the importance and impact of the problem, research focuses on developing solutions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Xinlei He , Savvas Zannettou , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Toxicity classification for voice heavily relies on the semantic content of speech. We propose a novel framework that utilizes cross-modal learning to integrate the semantic embedding of text into a multilabel speech toxicity classifier…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Joseph Liu , Mahesh Kumar Nandwana , Janne Pylkkönen , Hannes Heikinheimo , Morgan McGuire

Current multimodal toxicity benchmarks typically use a single binary hatefulness label. This coarse approach conflates two fundamentally different characteristics of expression: tone and content. Drawing on communication science theory, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nils A. Herrmann , Tobias Eder , Jingyi He , Georg Groh

Open-source large language models are becoming increasingly available and popular among researchers and practitioners. While significant progress has been made on open-weight models, open training data is a practice yet to be adopted by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Catherine Arnett , Eliot Jones , Ivan P. Yamshchikov , Pierre-Carl Langlais

Automatic toxic language detection is critical for creating safe, inclusive online spaces. However, it is a highly subjective task, with perceptions of toxic language shaped by community norms and lived experience. Existing toxicity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ashima Suvarna , Christina Chance , Karolina Naranjo , Hamid Palangi , Sophie Hao , Thomas Hartvigsen , Saadia Gabriel

Toxicity is a prevalent social behavior that involves the use of hate speech, offensive language, bullying, and abusive speech. While text-based approaches for toxicity detection are common, there is limited research on processing speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ahlam Husni Abu Nada , Siddique Latif , Junaid Qadir

Large language models (LM) generate remarkably fluent text and can be efficiently adapted across NLP tasks. Measuring and guaranteeing the quality of generated text in terms of safety is imperative for deploying LMs in the real world; to…

The rapid development of large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has led to impressive results on academic benchmarks, primarily in widely spoken languages. However, significant gaps remain in the ability of current VLMs to handle low-resource…