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AI-based methods have revolutionized atmospheric forecasting, with recent successes in medium-range forecasting spurring the development of climate foundation models. Accurate modeling of complex atmospheric dynamics at high spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Deifilia Kieckhefen , Markus Götz , Lars H. Heyen , Achim Streit , Charlotte Debus

Scientific and technological advances in numerical modelling have improved the quality of climate predictions over recent decades, but predictive skill remains limited in many aspects. Extreme events such as heat and cold waves, droughts,…

Improving the skill of medium-range (3-8 day) severe weather prediction is crucial for mitigating societal impacts. This study introduces a novel approach leveraging decoder-only transformer networks to post-process AI-based weather…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Zhanxiang Hua , Ryan Sobash , David John Gagne , Yingkai Sha , Alexandra Anderson-Frey

Accurate prediction of global sea surface temperature at sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescale is critical for drought and flood forecasting, as well as for improving disaster preparedness in human society. Government departments or…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Longhao Wang , Xuanze Zhang , L. Ruby Leung , Francis H. S. Chiew , Amir AghaKouchak , Kairan Ying , Yongqiang Zhang

Accurate subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction of extreme events is critical for resource planning and disaster mitigation under accelerating climate change. However, such predictions remain challenging due to complex multi-sphere…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Bin Mu , Yuxuan Chen , Shijin Yuan , Bo Qin , Hao Guo

In recent years, the importance of accurate weather forecasting has become increasingly prominent due to the impacts of global climate change and the rapid development of data science. Traditional forecasting methods often struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Jiajiang Shen , Weiyan Wu , Qianyu Xu

Sub-seasonal climate forecasting (SSF) is the prediction of key climate variables such as temperature and precipitation on the 2-week to 2-month time horizon. Skillful SSF would have substantial societal value in areas such as agricultural…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-10-12 Sijie He , Xinyan Li , Laurie Trenary , Benjamin A Cash , Timothy DelSole , Arindam Banerjee

Physics-based atmosphere-land models with prescribed sea surface temperature have notable successes but also biases in their ability to represent atmospheric variability compared to observations. Recently, AI emulators and hybrid models…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Ian Baxter , Hamid Pahlavan , Pedram Hassanzadeh , Katharine Rucker , Tiffany Shaw

We propose a hybrid Artificial Intelligence (AI) climate modeling approach that enables climate modelers in scientific discovery using a climate-targeted simulation methodology based on a novel combination of deep neural networks and…

Seasonal climate forecasts are socioeconomically important for managing the impacts of extreme weather events and for planning in sectors like agriculture and energy. Climate predictability on seasonal timescales is tied to boundary effects…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-06-14 Chenggong Wang , Michael S. Pritchard , Noah Brenowitz , Yair Cohen , Boris Bonev , Thorsten Kurth , Dale Durran , Jaideep Pathak

Sea ice plays an important role in stabilising the Earth system. Yet, representing its dynamics remains a major challenge for models, as the underlying processes are scale-invariant and highly anisotropic. This poses a dilemma:…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Tobias Sebastian Finn , Marc Bocquet , Pierre Rampal , Charlotte Durand , Flavia Porro , Alban Farchi , Alberto Carrassi

In climate science, models for global warming and weather prediction face significant challenges due to the limited availability of high-quality data and the difficulty in obtaining it, making data efficiency crucial. In the past few years,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Sameera S Kashyap , Raj Abhijit Dandekar , Rajat Dandekar , Sreedath Panat

Machine learning (ML) offers a computationally efficient approach for generating large ensembles of high-resolution climate projections, but deterministic ML methods often smooth fine-scale structures and underestimate extremes. While…

This study introduces ReSA-ConvLSTM, an artificial intelligence (AI) framework for systematic bias correction in numerical weather prediction (NWP). We propose three innovations by integrating dynamic climatological normalization, ConvLSTM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Xiao Zhou , Yuze Sun , Jie Wu , Xiaomeng Huang

Climate science studies the structure and dynamics of Earth's climate system and seeks to understand how climate changes over time, where the data is usually stored in the format of time series, recording the climate features, geolocation,…

Aerosol forecasting is essential for air quality warnings, health risk assessment, and climate change mitigation. However, it is more complex than weather forecasting due to the intricate interactions between aerosol physicochemical…

This paper explores the potential of a hybrid modeling approach that combines machine learning (ML) with conventional physics-based modeling for weather prediction beyond the medium range. It extends the work of Arcomano et al. (2022),…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Dhruvit Patel , Troy Arcomano , Brian Hunt , Istvan Szunyogh , Edward Ott

Foundation models (FMs) for the Earth system learn statistical relationships between physical variables across massive datasets to enable versatile downstream applications through finetuning, separating them from task-specific weather…

Modeling weather and climate is an essential endeavor to understand the near- and long-term impacts of climate change, as well as inform technology and policymaking for adaptation and mitigation efforts. In recent years, there has been a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Tung Nguyen , Jason Jewik , Hritik Bansal , Prakhar Sharma , Aditya Grover

Weather forecasting is crucial for public safety, disaster prevention and mitigation, agricultural production, and energy management, with global relevance. Although deep learning has significantly advanced weather prediction, current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shixuan Li , Wei Yang , Peiyu Zhang , Xiongye Xiao , Defu Cao , Yuehan Qin , Xiaole Zhang , Yue Zhao , Paul Bogdan