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This paper studies the complexity of finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point for stochastic bilevel optimization when the upper-level problem is nonconvex and the lower-level problem is strongly convex. Recent work proposed the first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Lesi Chen , Junru Li , El Mahdi Chayti , Jingzhao Zhang

Bilevel optimization has been developed for many machine learning tasks with large-scale and high-dimensional data. This paper considers a constrained bilevel optimization problem, where the lower-level optimization problem is convex with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Siyuan Xu , Minghui Zhu

MINLO (mixed-integer nonlinear optimization) formulations of the disjunction between the origin and a polytope via a binary indicator variable have broad applicability in nonlinear combinatorial optimization, for modeling a fixed cost $c$…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-07 Luze Xu , Jon Lee

Second-order optimality conditions are essential for nonsmooth optimization, where both the objective and constraint functions are Lipschitz continuous and second-order directionally differentiable. This paper provides no-gap second-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-05 Xiang Liu , Mengwei Xu , Liwei Zhang

In this work, we develop analysis and algorithms for a class of (stochastic) bilevel optimization problems whose lower-level (LL) problem is strongly convex and linearly constrained. Most existing approaches for solving such problems rely…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-08 Prashant Khanduri , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Yihua Zhang , Sijia Liu , Mingyi Hong

In this paper, we present a branch and bound algorithm for extracting approximate solutions to Global Polynomial Optimization (GPO) problems with bounded feasible sets. The algorithm is based on a combination of SOS/Moment relaxations and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-25 Hesameddin Mohammadi , Matthew M. Peet

Despite its important applications in Machine Learning, min-max optimization of nonconvex-nonconcave objectives remains elusive. Not only are there no known first-order methods converging even to approximate local min-max points, but the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Constantinos Daskalakis , Stratis Skoulakis , Manolis Zampetakis

Although upper bound guarantees for bilevel optimization have been widely studied, progress on lower bounds has been limited due to the complexity of the bilevel structure. In this work, we focus on the smooth nonconvex-strongly-convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Kaiyi Ji

In this paper, we consider non-convex stochastic bilevel optimization (SBO) problems that have many applications in machine learning. Although numerous studies have proposed stochastic algorithms for solving these problems, they are limited…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-15 Zhishuai Guo , Quanqi Hu , Lijun Zhang , Tianbao Yang

Bilevel optimization, addressing challenges in hierarchical learning tasks, has gained significant interest in machine learning. The practical implementation of the gradient descent method to bilevel optimization encounters computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Sheng Fang , Yong-Jin Liu , Wei Yao , Chengming Yu , Jin Zhang

We study Frank-Wolfe (FW) methods for constrained bilevel optimization when the lower-level problem is solved only approximately, yielding biased and inexact hypergradients. We analyze inexact variants of vanilla FW as well as away-step and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Anthony Palmieri , Francesco Rinaldi , Saverio Salzo , Sara Venturini

Uncertainty quantification in PDE inverse problems is essential in many applications. Scientific machine learning and AI enable data-driven learning of model components while preserving physical structure, and provide the scalability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Ray Zirui Zhang , Christopher E. Miles , Xiaohui Xie , John S. Lowengrub

In this article we intend to develop a simple and implementable algorithm for minimizing a convex function over the solution set of another convex optimization problem. Such a problem is often referred to as a simple bilevel programming…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-17 Stephan Dempe , Joydeep Duta , Tanushree Pandit , K. S. Mallikarjuna Rao

In this paper we propose a sequential minimax optimization (SMO) method for solving a class of constrained bilevel optimization problems in which the lower-level part is a possibly nonsmooth convex optimization problem, while the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Zhaosong Lu , Sanyou Mei

We propose a new approach to solving bilevel optimization problems, intermediate between solving full-system optimality conditions with a Newton-type approach, and treating the inner problem as an implicit function. The overall idea is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

Automated hyperparameter search in machine learning, especially for deep learning models, is typically formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, with hyperparameter values determined by the upper level and the model learning achieved by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Meltem Apaydin Ustun , Liang Xu , Bo Zeng , Xiaoning Qian

This work provides the first finite-time convergence guarantees for linearly constrained stochastic bilevel optimization using only first-order methods, requiring solely gradient information without any Hessian computations or second-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Cac Phan , Kai Wang

We first show a simple but striking result in bilevel optimization: unconstrained $C^\infty$ smooth bilevel programming is as hard as general extended-real-valued lower semicontinuous minimization. We then proceed to a worst-case analysis…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Jérôme Bolte , Quoc-Tung Le , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter

We study a class of bilevel convex optimization problems where the goal is to find the minimizer of an objective function in the upper level, among the set of all optimal solutions of an optimization problem in the lower level. A wide range…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Mostafa Amini , Farzad Yousefian

This paper studies a multiobjective bilevel optimization problem where each objective is a fractional function. By reformulating the problem into a single-level one, we establish refined necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. These…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Felipe Lara , Rishabh Pandey , Vinay Singh