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This paper presents a study on strategies to enhance the translation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in the context of machine translation (MT) tasks. The paper proposes a novel paradigm consisting of three stages: Secondary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jiaxin Guo , Hao Yang , Zongyao Li , Daimeng Wei , Hengchao Shang , Xiaoyu Chen

Adapting general large language models (LLMs) to specialized domains presents great challenges due to varied data distributions. This adaptation typically requires continual pre-training on massive domain-specific corpora to facilitate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jinhao Jiang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yang Song , Tao Zhang , Ji-Rong Wen

Training large language models (LLMs) typically involves pre-training on massive corpora, only to restart the process entirely when new data becomes available. A more efficient and resource-conserving approach would be continual…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved exceptional capabilities in open generation across various domains, yet they encounter difficulties with tasks that require intensive knowledge. To address these challenges, methods for integrating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Fali Wang , Runxue Bao , Suhang Wang , Wenchao Yu , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Haifeng Chen

Although large language models (LLMs) have transformed our expectations of modern language technologies, concerns over data privacy often restrict the use of commercially available LLMs hosted outside of EU jurisdictions. This limits their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Jurgita Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė , Toms Bergmanis , Mārcis Pinnis

The development of state-of-the-art generative large language models (LLMs) disproportionately relies on English-centric tokenizers, vocabulary and pre-training data. Despite the fact that some LLMs have multilingual capabilities, recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Atsuki Yamaguchi , Aline Villavicencio , Nikolaos Aletras

This study addresses the Domain-Class Incremental Learning problem, a realistic but challenging continual learning scenario where both the domain distribution and target classes vary across tasks. To handle these diverse tasks, pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Longxiang Tang , Zhuotao Tian , Kai Li , Chunming He , Hantao Zhou , Hengshuang Zhao , Xiu Li , Jiaya Jia

Despite their strong ability to retrieve knowledge in English, current large language models show imbalance abilities in different languages. Two approaches are proposed to address this, i.e., multilingual pretraining and multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Changjiang Gao , Hongda Hu , Peng Hu , Jiajun Chen , Jixing Li , Shujian Huang

Large Language Models (LMs) are known to encode world knowledge in their parameters as they pretrain on a vast amount of web corpus, which is often utilized for performing knowledge-dependent downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Joel Jang , Seonghyeon Ye , Sohee Yang , Joongbo Shin , Janghoon Han , Gyeonghun Kim , Stanley Jungkyu Choi , Minjoon Seo

With Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly approaching and potentially surpassing human-level performance, it has become imperative to develop approaches capable of effectively supervising and enhancing these powerful models using smaller,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Aakriti Agrawal , Mucong Ding , Zora Che , Chenghao Deng , Anirudh Satheesh , Bang An , Bayan Bruss , John Langford , Furong Huang

With Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly approaching and potentially surpassing human-level performance, it has become imperative to develop approaches capable of effectively supervising and enhancing these powerful models using smaller,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Aakriti Agrawal , Mucong Ding , Zora Che , Chenghao Deng , Anirudh Satheesh , Bang An , Bayan Bruss , John Langford , Furong Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on web-scale text corpora have been shown to capture world knowledge in their parameters. However, the mechanism by which language models store different types of knowledge is poorly understood. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jared Fernandez , Yonatan Bisk , Emma Strubell

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable proficiency across various tasks. Given the potent applications of LLMs in numerous fields, there has been a surge in LLM development. In developing LLMs, a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Chen-An Li , Hung-Yi Lee

Dense retrieval calls for discriminative embeddings to represent the semantic relationship between query and document. It may benefit from the using of large language models (LLMs), given LLMs' strong capability on semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zheng Liu , Chaofan Li , Shitao Xiao , Yingxia Shao , Defu Lian

While large language models (LMs) have shown remarkable capabilities across numerous tasks, they often struggle with simple reasoning and planning in physical environments, such as understanding object permanence or planning household…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jiannan Xiang , Tianhua Tao , Yi Gu , Tianmin Shu , Zirui Wang , Zichao Yang , Zhiting Hu

Weight regularization methods in continual learning (CL) alleviate catastrophic forgetting by assessing and penalizing changes to important model weights. Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC) is a foundational and widely used approach within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Xuan Liu , Xiaobin Chang

This paper introduces a novel, multi-source framework for the relational validation of Large Language Models (LLMs). While existing benchmarks have demonstrated LLMs' proficiency at factual recall, their ability to understand and reproduce…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Moses Boudourides

Consistency, which refers to the capability of generating the same predictions for semantically similar contexts, is a highly desirable property for a sound language understanding model. Although recent pretrained language models (PLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Myeongjun Jang , Deuk Sin Kwon , Thomas Lukasiewicz

LLMs are routinely evaluated on language use, yet their explicit knowledge about linguistic structure remains poorly understood. Existing linguistic benchmarks focus on narrow phenomena, emphasize high-resource languages, and rarely test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Tjaša Arčon , Matej Klemen , Marko Robnik-Šikonja , Kaja Dobrovoljc

Multilingual Pre-trained Language models (multiPLMs), trained on the Masked Language Modelling (MLM) objective are commonly being used for cross-lingual tasks such as bitext mining. However, the performance of these models is still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Aloka Fernando , Surangika Ranathunga