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The remarkable ability of language models (LMs) has also brought challenges at the interface of AI and security. A critical challenge pertains to how much information these models retain and leak about the training data. This is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 My H. Dinh , Ferdinando Fioretto

In-context learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLMs) has shown remarkable performance across various tasks without requiring fine-tuning. However, recent studies have highlighted the risk of private data leakage through the prompt in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Seongho Joo , Hyukhun Koh , Kyomin Jung

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly transformed natural language understanding and generation, but they raise privacy concerns due to potential exposure of sensitive information. Studies have highlighted the risk of information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Bishnu Bhusal , Manoj Acharya , Ramneet Kaur , Colin Samplawski , Anirban Roy , Adam D. Cobb , Rohit Chadha , Susmit Jha

Large language models (LLMs), especially those based on the Transformer architecture, have had a profound impact on various aspects of daily life, such as natural language processing, content generation, research methodologies, and more.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yeqi Gao , Zhao Song , Xin Yang , Yufa Zhou

Recent large-scale natural language processing (NLP) systems use a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) on massive and diverse corpora as a headstart. In practice, the pre-trained model is adapted to a wide array of tasks via fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Jimit Majmudar , Christophe Dupuy , Charith Peris , Sami Smaili , Rahul Gupta , Richard Zemel

Large language models (LLMs) do not preserve privacy at inference-time. The LLM's outputs can inadvertently reveal information about the model's context, which presents a privacy challenge when the LLM is augmented via tools or databases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Rushil Thareja , Preslav Nakov , Praneeth Vepakomma , Nils Lukas

In-context learning (ICL) is an important capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling these models to dynamically adapt based on specific, in-context exemplars, thereby improving accuracy and relevance. However, LLM's responses may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Tong Wu , Ashwinee Panda , Jiachen T. Wang , Prateek Mittal

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) are typically deployed as online services, requiring users to transmit detailed prompts to cloud servers. This raises significant privacy concerns. In response, we introduce ConfusionPrompt, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Peihua Mai , Youjia Yang , Ran Yan , Rui Ye , Yan Pang

With the growing use of large language models (LLMs) hosted on cloud platforms to offer inference services, privacy concerns about the potential leakage of sensitive information are escalating. Secure multi-party computation (MPC) is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Guang Yan , Yuhui Zhang , Zimu Guo , Lutan Zhao , Xiaojun Chen , Chen Wang , Wenhao Wang , Dan Meng , Rui Hou

Deep learning-based language models have achieved state-of-the-art results in a number of applications including sentiment analysis, topic labelling, intent classification and others. Obtaining text representations or embeddings using these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Richard Plant , Dimitra Gkatzia , Valerio Giuffrida

In-context learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks with only a small set of examples at inference time, thereby avoiding task-specific fine-tuning. However, in-context examples may contain privacy-sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Rob Romijnders , Mohammad Mahdi Derakhshani , Jonathan Petit , Max Welling , Christos Louizos , Yuki M. Asano

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance and received significant research interest. The enormous computational demands, however, hinder the local deployment on devices with limited resources. The current prevalent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yujie Gu , Richeng Jin , Xiaoyu Ji , Yier Jin , Wenyuan Xu

The widespread use of Large Language Model (LLM)-based conversational agents (CAs), especially in high-stakes domains, raises many privacy concerns. Building ethical LLM-based CAs that respect user privacy requires an in-depth understanding…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Zhiping Zhang , Michelle Jia , Hao-Ping Lee , Bingsheng Yao , Sauvik Das , Ada Lerner , Dakuo Wang , Tianshi Li

The interactive use of large language models (LLMs) in AI assistants (at work, home, etc.) introduces a new set of inference-time privacy risks: LLMs are fed different types of information from multiple sources in their inputs and are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Niloofar Mireshghallah , Hyunwoo Kim , Xuhui Zhou , Yulia Tsvetkov , Maarten Sap , Reza Shokri , Yejin Choi

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in personalized tasks involving sensitive, context-dependent information, where privacy violations may arise in agents' action due to the implicitness of contextual privacy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuhan Cheng , Hancheng Ye , Hai Helen Li , Jingwei Sun , Yiran Chen

Detecting personally identifiable information (PII) in user queries is critical for ensuring privacy in question-answering systems. Current approaches mainly redact all PII, disregarding the fact that some of them may be contextually…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Mariia Ponomarenko , Sepideh Abedini , Masoumeh Shafieinejad , D. B. Emerson , Shubhankar Mohapatra , Xi He

The emergence of ChatGPT marks the arrival of the large language model (LLM) era. While LLMs demonstrate their power in a variety of fields, they also raise serious privacy concerns as the users' queries are sent to the model provider. On…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fei Zheng , Chaochao Chen , Zhongxuan Han , Xiaolin Zheng

The privacy concerns associated with the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) have grown recently with the development of LLMs such as ChatGPT. Differential Privacy (DP) techniques are explored in existing work to mitigate their privacy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Tiejin Chen , Longchao Da , Huixue Zhou , Pingzhi Li , Kaixiong Zhou , Tianlong Chen , Hua Wei

Large pretrained language models (LLMs) have shown surprising In-Context Learning (ICL) ability. An important application in deploying large language models is to augment LLMs with a private database for some specific task. The main problem…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Chunyan Zheng , Keke Sun , Wenhao Zhao , Haibo Zhou , Lixin Jiang , Shaoyang Song , Chunlai Zhou

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for specific tasks introduces privacy risks, as models may inadvertently memorise and leak sensitive training data. While Differential Privacy (DP) offers a solution to mitigate these risks, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Olivia Ma , Jonathan Passerat-Palmbach , Dmitrii Usynin
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