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This paper considers identifying and estimating causal effect parameters in a staggered treatment adoption setting -- that is, where a researcher has access to panel data and treatment timing varies across units. We consider the case where…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-08 Brantly Callaway , Emmanuel Selorm Tsyawo

Treatment effects of stochastic policy shifts quantify differences in outcomes across counterfactual scenarios with varying treatment distributions. Stochastic policy shifts may be of interest in settings where it is unrealistic or…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Michael Jetsupphasuk , Chenwei Fang , Didong Li , Michael G. Hudgens

The conditional average treatment effect (CATE) is frequently estimated to refute the homogeneous treatment effect assumption. Under this assumption, all units making up the population under study experience identical benefit from a given…

Understanding treatment effect heterogeneity is crucial for reliable decision-making in treatment evaluation and selection. The conditional average treatment effect (CATE) is widely used to capture treatment effect heterogeneity induced by…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Peng Wu , Peng Ding , Zhi Geng , Yue Liu

In this article, we aim to provide a general and complete understanding of semi-supervised (SS) causal inference for treatment effects. Specifically, we consider two such estimands: (a) the average treatment effect and (b) the quantile…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-15 Abhishek Chakrabortty , Guorong Dai

This article presents a closed-form adaptive controlbarrier-function (CBF) approach for satisfying state constraints in systems with parametric uncertainty. This approach uses a sampled-data recursive-least-squares algorithm to estimate the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-21 Ricardo Gutierrez , Jesse B. Hoagg

Backward error analysis allows finding a modified loss function, which the parameter updates really follow under the influence of an optimization method. The additional loss terms included in this modified function is called implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jinwoo Lim , Suhyun Kim , Soo-Mook Moon

Randomized controlled trials play an important role in how Internet companies predict the impact of policy decisions and product changes. In these `digital experiments', different units (people, devices, products) respond differently to the…

Applications · Statistics 2015-12-21 Matt Taddy , Matt Gardner , Liyun Chen , David Draper

Stepped wedge designs (SWDs) are increasingly used to evaluate longitudinal cluster-level interventions but pose substantial challenges for valid inference. Because crossover times are randomized, intervention effects are intrinsically…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Fan Xia , K. C. Gary Chan , Emily Voldal , Avi Kenny , Patrick J. Heagerty , James P. Hughes

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects in survival settings is complicated by right censoring as well as the time-varying nature of the estimand. While the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) provides a natural target, most…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Yuming Sun , Jian Kang , Yi Li

Omitted variable bias can affect treatment effect estimates obtained from observational data due to the lack of random assignment to treatment groups. Sensitivity analyses adjust these estimates to quantify the impact of potential omitted…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-10 Carrie A. Hosman , Ben B. Hansen , Paul W. Holland

We propose a new estimator for average causal effects of a binary treatment with panel data in settings with general treatment patterns. Our approach augments the popular two-way-fixed-effects specification with unit-specific weights that…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-03-06 Dmitry Arkhangelsky , Guido W. Imbens , Lihua Lei , Xiaoman Luo

This paper studies the task of estimating heterogeneous treatment effects in causal panel data models, in the presence of covariate effects. We propose a novel Covariate-Adjusted Deep Causal Learning (CoDEAL) for panel data models, that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-28 Guanhao Zhou , Yuefeng Han , Xiufan Yu

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often underdiagnosed in females due to gender-specific symptom differences overlooked by conventional diagnostics. This study evaluates machine learning models, particularly Random Forest and convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Mohammed Aledhari , Mohamed Rahouti , Ali Alfatemi

Causal inference plays a fundamental role in various real-world applications. However, in the motivating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) study, it is challenging to estimate the treatment effect of chemotherapy on circulating tumor DNA…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-25 Zhixin Qiu , Huichen Zhu , Wenjie Wang , Yanlin Tang

Observational studies are regarded as economic alternatives to randomized trials, often used in their stead to investigate and determine treatment efficacy. Due to lack of sample size, observational studies commonly combine data from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-16 Tianhui Zhou , William E. Carson , Michael Hunter Klein , David Carlson

Individualized treatment decisions can improve health outcomes, but using data to make these decisions in a reliable, precise, and generalizable way is challenging with a single dataset. Leveraging multiple randomized controlled trials…

Estimating how much an intervention helps a given individual the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) is increasingly central to decision-making in medicine, economics, and policy, where an estimate is most useful when accompanied by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Eichi Uehara

Accurate identification of late-life depression (LLD) using structural brain MRI is essential for monitoring disease progression and facilitating timely intervention. However, existing learning-based approaches for LLD detection are often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yuzhen Gao , Qianqian Wang , Yongheng Sun , Cui Wang , Yongquan Liang , Mingxia Liu

Computer-aided diagnosis systems must make critical decisions from medical images that are often noisy, ambiguous, or conflicting, yet today's models are trained on overly simplistic labels that ignore diagnostic uncertainty. One-hot labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Ang Nan Gu , Michael Tsang , Hooman Vaseli , Purang Abolmaesumi , Teresa Tsang