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Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to assign texts to structured label hierarchies; however, it faces challenges due to data scarcity and model complexity. This study explores the feasibility of using black box Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is an important task with broad applications, while few-shot HTC has gained increasing interest recently. While in-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) has achieved significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Huiyao Chen , Yu Zhao , Zulong Chen , Mengjia Wang , Liangyue Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is the task of assigning labels to a text within a structured space organized as a hierarchy. Recent works treat HTC as a conventional multilabel classification problem, therefore evaluating it as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Roman Plaud , Matthieu Labeau , Antoine Saillenfest , Thomas Bonald

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a challenging subtask of multi-label classification due to its complex label hierarchy. Recently, the pretrained language models (PLM)have been widely adopted in HTC through a fine-tuning paradigm.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zihan Wang , Peiyi Wang , Tianyu Liu , Binghuai Lin , Yunbo Cao , Zhifang Sui , Houfeng Wang

Text classification has become increasingly challenging due to the continuous refinement of classification label granularity and the expansion of classification label scale. To address that, some research has been applied onto strategies…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma

Few-shot Hierarchical Text Classification (few-shot HTC) is a challenging task that involves mapping texts to a predefined tree-structured label hierarchy under data-scarce conditions. While current approaches utilize structural constraints…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Ke Xiong , Qian Wu , Wangjie Gan , Yuke Li , Xuhong Zhang

Assigning a set of labels to a given text is a classification problem with many real-world applications, such as recommender systems. Two separate research streams address this issue. Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Nerijus Bertalis , Paul Granse , Ferhat Gül , Florian Hauss , Leon Menkel , David Schüler , Tom Speier , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to categorize text data based on a structured label hierarchy, resulting in predicted labels forming a sub-hierarchy tree. The semantics of the text should align with the semantics of the labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ashish Kumar , Durga Toshniwal

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) assigns documents to multiple levels of a pre-defined taxonomy. Automated patent subject classification represents one of the hardest HTC scenarios because of domain knowledge difficulty and a huge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Lekang Jiang , Wenjun Sun , Stephan Goetz

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a natural language processing task which has the objective of categorising text documents into a set of classes from a predefined structured class hierarchy. Recent HTC approaches use various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jaco du Toit , Marcel Dunaiski

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) is a challenging task where a document can be assigned to multiple hierarchically structured categories within a taxonomy. The majority of prior studies consider HTC as a flat multi-label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Chao Yu , Yi Shen , Yue Mao , Longjun Cai

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a complex subtask under multi-label text classification, characterized by a hierarchical label taxonomy and data imbalance. The best-performing models aim to learn a static representation by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Vidit Jain , Mukund Rungta , Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Zeyu Wang , Mu Gao , Jeffrey Skolnick , Chao Zhang

Many important classification problems in the real-world consist of a large number of closely related categories in a hierarchical structure or taxonomy. Hierarchical multi-label text classification (HMTC) with higher accuracy over large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Pengfei Gao , Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma , Ahmad Tanvir , Beihong Jin

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) is a natural language processing task with the objective to classify text documents into a set of classes from a structured class hierarchy. Many HTC approaches have been proposed which attempt to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jaco du Toit , Herman Redelinghuys , Marcel Dunaiski

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) has recently gained traction given the ability to handle complex label hierarchy. This has found applications in domains like E- commerce, customer care and medicine industry among other real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Neeraj Agrawal , Saurabh Kumar , Priyanka Bhatt , Tanishka Agarwal

Given unstructured text, Large Language Models (LLMs) are adept at answering simple (single-hop) questions. However, as the complexity of the questions increase, the performance of LLMs degrade. We believe this is due to the overhead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Pranoy Panda , Ankush Agarwal , Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Manohar Kaul , Prathosh A P

While existing hierarchical text classification (HTC) methods attempt to capture label hierarchies for model training, they either make local decisions regarding each label or completely ignore the hierarchy information during inference. To…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Yuning Mao , Jingjing Tian , Jiawei Han , Xiang Ren

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is essential for various real applications. However, HTC models are challenging to develop because they often require processing a large volume of documents and labels with hierarchical taxonomy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 SangHun Im , Gibaeg Kim , Heung-Seon Oh , Seongung Jo , Donghwan Kim

Large-scale Multi-label Text Classification (LMTC) has a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and presents interesting challenges. First, not all labels are well represented in the training set, due to the very large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Ilias Chalkidis , Manos Fergadiotis , Sotiris Kotitsas , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Nikolaos Aletras , Ion Androutsopoulos

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a special sub-task of multi-label classification (MLC) whose taxonomy is constructed as a tree and each sample is assigned with at least one path in the tree. Latest HTC models contain three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Zhijian Chen , Zhonghua Li , Jianxin Yang , Ye Qi
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