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Scaling up quantum computers to attain substantial speedups over classical computing requires fault tolerance. Conventionally, protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation demand excessive space overheads by using many physical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Hayata Yamasaki , Masato Koashi

Practical quantum computation heavily relies on the ability to perform quantum error correction in a fault-tolerant manner. Fault-tolerant encoding is a critical first step, and careful consideration of the error correction cycle that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Andrea Rodriguez-Blanco , Ho Nam Nguyen , K. Birgitta Whaley

Proposals for quantum computing devices are many and varied. They each have unique noise processes that make none of them fully reliable at this time. There are several error correction/avoidance techniques which are valuable for reducing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Mark S. Byrd , Daniel A. Lidar

Arbitrarily long quantum computations require quantum memories that can be repeatedly measured without being corrupted. Here, we preserve the state of a quantum memory, notably with the additional use of flagged error events. All error…

An efficient decoder is essential for quantum error correction, and data-driven neural decoders have emerged as promising, flexible solutions. Here, we introduce a diffusion model framework to infer logical errors from syndrome measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Zejun Liu , Anqi Gong , Bryan K. Clark

To unleash the potential of quantum computers, noise effects on qubits' performance must be carefully managed. The decoders responsible for diagnosing noise-induced computational errors must use resources efficiently to enable scaling to…

We prove that quantum expander codes can be combined with quantum fault-tolerance techniques to achieve constant overhead: the ratio between the total number of physical qubits required for a quantum computation with faulty hardware and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Omar Fawzi , Antoine Grospellier , Anthony Leverrier

We construct and analyze a family of low-density parity check (LDPC) quantum codes with a linear encoding rate, polynomial scaling distance and efficient decoding schemes. The code family is based on tessellations of closed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-06 Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Vivien Londe

Achieving practical quantum advantage requires a classical decoding algorithm to identify and correct faults during computation. This classical decoding algorithm must deliver both accuracy and speed, but in what combination? When is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Nicolas Delfosse , Andres Paz , Alexander Vaschillo , Krysta M. Svore

We propose a nonuniform quantized decoder for polar codes. The design metric of the quantizers is to minimize the distortion incurred by quantization. The quantizers are obtained via dynamic programming and the optimality of the quantizer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Zhiwei Cao , Hongfei Zhu , Yuping Zhao , Dou Li

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) can eliminate the negative effects of quantum noise, the major obstacle to the execution of quantum algorithms. However, realizing practical quantum error correction (QEC) requires resolving many…

Recent progress in quantum computing has enabled systems with tens of reliable logical qubits, built from thousands of noisy physical qubits. However, many impactful applications demand quantum computations with millions of logical qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Daiki Komoto , Kenta Kasai

The union-find decoder is a leading algorithmic approach to the correction of quantum errors on the surface code, achieving code thresholds comparable to minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) with amortised computational time scaling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Sam J. Griffiths , Dan E. Browne

Generation of logical zero states encoded with a quantum error-correcting code is the first step for fault-tolerant quantum computation, but requires considerably large resource overheads in general. To reduce such overheads, we propose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Hayato Goto , Yinghao Ho , Taro Kanao

Efficient high-performance decoding of topological stabilizer codes has the potential to crucially improve the balance between logical failure rates and the number and individual error rates of the constituent qubits. High-threshold…

In this work, we develop an efficient decoding method for graph codes, a class of stabilizer quantum error-correcting codes constructed from graph states. While optimal decoding is generally NP-hard, we propose a faster decoder exploiting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Nirupam Basak , Goutam Paul

Many current quantum error-correcting codes that achieve full fault tolerance suffer from having low ratios of logical to physical qubits and significant overhead. This makes them difficult to implement on current noisy intermediate-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Christopher Gerhard , Todd A. Brun

The constituent parts of a quantum computer are inherently vulnerable to errors. To this end we have developed quantum error-correcting codes to protect quantum information from noise. However, discovering codes that are capable of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Benjamin J. Brown , Naomi H. Nickerson , Dan E. Browne

With the advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, practical quantum computing has seemingly come into reach. However, to go beyond proof-of-principle calculations, the current processing architectures will need to scale up…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-25 Kai Meinerz , Chae-Yeun Park , Simon Trebst

Fault tolerant quantum computing methods which work with efficient quantum error correcting codes are discussed. Several new techniques are introduced to restrict accumulation of errors before or during the recovery. Classes of eligible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrew M. Steane