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With the development of the Large Language Models (LLMs), a large range of LLM-based Text-to-SQL(Text2SQL) methods have emerged. This survey provides a comprehensive review of LLM-based Text2SQL studies. We first enumerate classic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Liang Shi , Zhengju Tang , Nan Zhang , Xiaotong Zhang , Zhi Yang

Text-to-SQL aims to convert natural language questions into executable SQL queries. While previous approaches, such as skeleton-masked selection, have demonstrated strong performance by retrieving similar training examples to guide large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jimin Lee , Ingeol Baek , Byeongjeong Kim , Hyunkyung Bae , Hwanhee Lee

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL tasks, open-source LLMs encounter challenges in contextual understanding and response coherence. To tackle these issues, we present \ours, a systematic methodology tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xiaojun Chen , Tianle Wang , Tianhao Qiu , Jianbin Qin , Min Yang

Autoregressive Transformers adopted in Large Language Models (LLMs) are hard to scale to long sequences. Despite several works trying to reduce their computational cost, most of LLMs still adopt attention layers between all pairs of tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Sotiris Anagnostidis , Dario Pavllo , Luca Biggio , Lorenzo Noci , Aurelien Lucchi , Thomas Hofmann

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases through natural language, simplifying the retrieval and synthesis of information. Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in converting natural language questions into SQL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Oleg Somov , Elena Tutubalina

Large language models revolutionize Text2SQL through supervised fine-tuning, yet a crucial limitation is overlooked: the complexity of databases leads to an increased context length, consequently resulting in higher GPU memory demands for…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Wen Wuzhenghong , Zhang Yongpan , Pan Su , Sun Yuwei , Lu Pengwei , Ding Cheng

In-context learning has been extensively validated in large language models. However, the mechanism and selection strategy for in-context example selection, which is a crucial ingredient in this approach, lacks systematic and in-depth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhongxiang Sun , Kepu Zhang , Haoyu Wang , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu

Choosing a Large Language Model (LLM) for a given task requires comparing many strong candidates, yet standard evaluation relies on costly annotations over fixed evaluation sets. To address this challenge, we develop SELECT-LLM, the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yavuz Durmazkeser , Patrik Okanovic , Andreas Kirsch , Torsten Hoefler , Nezihe Merve Gürel

The text-to-SQL problem aims to translate natural language questions into SQL statements to ease the interaction between database systems and end users. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in a…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chen Shen , Jin Wang , Sajjadur Rahman , Eser Kandogan

Analytical theories suggest that higher-quality data can lead to lower test errors in models trained on a fixed data budget. Moreover, a model can be trained on a lower compute budget without compromising performance if a dataset can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Adyasha Maharana , Prateek Yadav , Mohit Bansal

Since ChatGPT released its API for public use, the number of applications built on top of commercial large language models (LLMs) increase exponentially. One popular usage of such models is leveraging its in-context learning ability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Junyi Liu , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Bowen Wang , Yiming Qian

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with limited data poses a practical challenge in low-resource languages, specialized domains, and constrained deployment settings. While pre-trained LLMs provide strong foundations, effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Marton Szep , Daniel Rueckert , Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe , Florian Hinterwimmer

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly replacing help forums like StackOverflow, and are especially helpful for non-professional programmers and end users. These users are often interested in data-centric tasks, such as spreadsheet…

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a new approach to various natural language processing tasks, utilizing large language models (LLMs) to make predictions based on context that has been supplemented with a few examples or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Linyong Nan , Yilun Zhao , Weijin Zou , Narutatsu Ri , Jaesung Tae , Ellen Zhang , Arman Cohan , Dragomir Radev

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) has seen significant advancements with large language models (LLMs). However, these models often depend on closed-source systems and high computational resources, posing challenges in data privacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenqi Pei , Hailing Xu , Hengyuan Zhao , Shizheng Hou , Han Chen , Zining Zhang , Pingyi Luo , Bingsheng He

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly powering Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems, enabling non-expert users to query industrial databases using natural language. While test-time scaling strategies have shown promise in LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiajing Guo , Kenil Patel , Jorge Piazentin Ono , Wenbin He , Liu Ren

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world systems, yet they can produce toxic or biased outputs that undermine safety and trust. Post-hoc model repair provides a practical remedy, but the high cost of parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xuran Li , Jingyi Wang

Instruction tuning is a vital step of training large language models (LLMs), so how to enhance the effect of instruction tuning has received increased attention. Existing works indicate that the quality of the dataset is more crucial than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Bolin Zhang , Jiahao Wang , Qianlong Du , Jiajun Zhang , Zhiying Tu , Dianhui Chu

Self-supervised speech representation learning (SSL) has shown to be effective in various downstream tasks, but SSL models are usually large and slow. Model compression techniques such as pruning aim to reduce the model size and computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Yifan Peng , Kwangyoun Kim , Felix Wu , Prashant Sridhar , Shinji Watanabe