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Pretraining is the preliminary and fundamental step in developing capable language models (LM). Despite this, pretraining data design is critically under-documented and often guided by empirically unsupported intuitions. To address this, we…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on massive datasets and later instruction-tuned via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) or reinforcement learning (RL). Best practices emphasize large, diverse pretraining data, whereas post-training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Adel Javanmard , Baharan Mirzasoleiman , Vahab Mirrokni

Language models pre-trained on web-scale corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities on diverse downstream tasks. However, there is increasing concern whether such capabilities might arise from evaluation datasets being included in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Minhao Jiang , Ken Ziyu Liu , Ming Zhong , Rylan Schaeffer , Siru Ouyang , Jiawei Han , Sanmi Koyejo

We study how training data contributes to the emergence of toxic behaviors in large language models. Most prior work on reducing model toxicity adopts reactive approaches, such as fine-tuning pre-trained (and potentially toxic) models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Zachary Coalson , Juhan Bae , Nicholas Carlini , Sanghyun Hong

Data plays a fundamental role in training Large Language Models (LLMs). Efficient data management, particularly in formulating a well-suited training dataset, is significant for enhancing model performance and improving training efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Zige Wang , Wanjun Zhong , Yufei Wang , Qi Zhu , Fei Mi , Baojun Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Poisoning attacks can compromise the safety of large language models (LLMs) by injecting malicious documents into their training data. Existing work has studied pretraining poisoning assuming adversaries control a percentage of the training…

Post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for unlocking their task generalization potential and domain-specific capabilities. However, the current LLM post-training paradigm faces significant data challenges, including the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Junyu Luo , Bohan Wu , Xiao Luo , Zhiping Xiao , Yiqiao Jin , Rong-Cheng Tu , Nan Yin , Yifan Wang , Jingyang Yuan , Wei Ju , Ming Zhang

Large language models are classically trained in stages: pretraining on raw text followed by post-training for instruction following and reasoning. However, this separation creates a fundamental limitation: many desirable behaviors such as…

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is significantly affected by the quality and composition of their pre-training data, which is inherently diverse, spanning various languages, sources, and topics. Effectively integrating these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jiahui Peng , Xinlin Zhuang , Jiantao Qiu , Ren Ma , Jing Yu , He Zhu , Conghui He

As the post-training of large language models (LLMs) advances from instruction-following to complex reasoning tasks, understanding how different data affect finetuning dynamics remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ming Li , Yanhong Li , Ziyue Li , Tianyi Zhou

Large-scale models are pretrained on massive web-crawled datasets containing documents of mixed quality, making data filtering essential. A popular method is Classifier-based Quality Filtering (CQF), which trains a binary classifier to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Thiziri Nait Saada , Louis Bethune , Michal Klein , David Grangier , Marco Cuturi , Pierre Ablin

Large language models (LLMs) learn undesirable properties during pretraining, including dangerous knowledge and toxic text generation. Just as post-training uses different objectives to shape different behaviors, we argue that unlearning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Berk Atil , Vipul Gupta , Rebecca J. Passonneau

As large language models (LLMs) are widely applied across various fields, model compression has become increasingly crucial for reducing costs and improving inference efficiency. Post-training pruning is a promising method that does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yixin Ji , Yang Xiang , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

Pretraining data has a direct impact on the behaviors and quality of language models (LMs), but we only understand the most basic principles of this relationship. While most work focuses on pretraining data's effect on downstream task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Jack Merullo , Noah A. Smith , Sarah Wiegreffe , Yanai Elazar

Test-time scaling improves the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by allocating extra compute to generate longer Chains-of-Thoughts (CoTs). This enables models to tackle more complex problem by breaking them down into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Adel Javanmard , Baharan Mirzasoleiman , Vahab Mirrokni

With the remarkable generative capabilities of large language models (LLMs), using LLM-generated data to train downstream models has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate data scarcity in specific domains and reduce time-consuming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yuchang Zhu , Huazhen Zhong , Qunshu Lin , Haotong Wei , Xiaolong Sun , Zixuan Yu , Minghao Liu , Zibin Zheng , Liang Chen

The prevailing paradigm for enhancing the reasoning abilities of LLMs revolves around post-training on high-quality, reasoning-intensive data. While emerging literature suggests that reasoning data is increasingly incorporated also during…

Training large language models (LLMs) for external tool usage is a rapidly expanding field, with recent research focusing on generating synthetic data to address the shortage of available data. However, the absence of systematic data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Shadi Iskander , Nachshon Cohen , Zohar Karnin , Ori Shapira , Sofia Tolmach

Recent advancements in code large language models (Code-LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in resolving programming related tasks. Meanwhile, researchers have recognized that the quality of pre-training data is crucial for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Chengli Xing , Zhengran Zeng , Gexiang Fang , Rui Xie , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang
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