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Low-resource languages face significant barriers in AI development due to limited linguistic resources and expertise for data labeling, rendering them rare and costly. The scarcity of data and the absence of preexisting tools exacerbate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nataliia Kholodna , Sahib Julka , Mohammad Khodadadi , Muhammed Nurullah Gumus , Michael Granitzer

The exponential growth of text-based data in domains such as healthcare, education, and social sciences has outpaced the capacity of traditional qualitative analysis methods, which are time-intensive and prone to subjectivity. Large…

LLMs like GPT are great at tasks involving English which dominates in their training data. In this paper, we look at how they cope with tasks involving languages that are severely under-represented in their training data, in the context of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Michela Lorandi , Anya Belz

Generative Artificial Intelligence has grown exponentially as a result of Large Language Models (LLMs). This has been possible because of the impressive performance of deep learning methods created within the field of Natural Language…

The training data for LLMs embeds societal values, increasing their familiarity with the language's culture. Our analysis found that 44% of the variance in the ability of GPT-4o to reflect the societal values of a country, as measured by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Sharif Kazemi , Gloria Gerhardt , Jonty Katz , Caroline Ida Kuria , Estelle Pan , Umang Prabhakar

Generative large language models (LLMs) have become central to everyday life, producing human-like text across diverse domains. A growing body of research investigates whether these models also exhibit personality- and demographic-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Dana Sotto Porat , Ella Rabinovich

Large language models (LLMs) are a basic infrastructure for modern natural language processing. Many commercial and open-source LLMs exist for English, e.g., ChatGPT, Llama, Falcon, and Mistral. As these models are trained on mostly English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Domen Vreš , Martin Božič , Aljaž Potočnik , Tomaž Martinčič , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

Human evaluators provide necessary contributions in evaluating large language models. In the context of Machine Translation (MT) systems for low-resource languages (LRLs), this is made even more apparent since popular automated metrics tend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Carlos Rafael Catalan

Natural Language Processing (NLP) for low-resource languages remains fundamentally constrained by the lack of textual corpora, standardized orthographies, and scalable annotation pipelines. While recent advances in large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Bonaventure F. P. Dossou , Henri Aïdasso

Probing techniques for large language models (LLMs) have primarily focused on English, overlooking the vast majority of the world's languages. In this paper, we extend these probing methods to a multilingual context, investigating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Daoyang Li , Haiyan Zhao , Qingcheng Zeng , Mengnan Du

Generative models are known to have reduced performance in different global cultural contexts and languages. While continual data updates have been commonly conducted to improve overall model performance, bolstering and evaluating this…

Text Augmentation is an important task for low-resource languages. It helps deal with the problem of data scarcity. A data augmentation strategy is used to deal with the problem of data scarcity. Through the years, much work has been done…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Onkar Litake , Niraj Yagnik , Shreyas Labhsetwar

The rapid adoption of generative AI (GenAI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has exposed critical limitations of cloud-centric deployments, including latency, cost, and privacy concerns. Meanwhile, Small Language Models (SLMs)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Roberto Morabito , SiYoung Jang

Synthetic data generation using large language models (LLMs) demonstrates substantial promise in addressing biomedical data challenges and shows increasing adoption in biomedical research. This study systematically reviews recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Hanshu Rao , Weisi Liu , Haohan Wang , I-Chan Huang , Zhe He , Xiaolei Huang

Generative Language Models gained significant attention in late 2022 / early 2023, notably with the introduction of models refined to act consistently with users' expectations of interactions with AI (conversational models). Arguably the…

Despite the recent popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Machine Translation (MT), their performance in low-resource languages (LRLs) still lags significantly behind Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models. In this work, we explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Vivek Iyer , Bhavitvya Malik , Pavel Stepachev , Pinzhen Chen , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) represent a pivotal advancement in democratizing artificial intelligence across linguistic boundaries. While theoretical foundations are well-established, practical implementation guidelines remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Junhua Liu , Bin Fu

In a rapidly evolving digital landscape autonomous tools and robots are becoming commonplace. Recognizing the significance of this development, this paper explores the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) like Generative pre-trained…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Younes Lakhnati , Max Pascher , Jens Gerken

Natural language processing (NLP) has witnessed a profound impact of large language models (LLMs) that excel in a multitude of tasks. However, the limitation of LLMs in multilingual settings, particularly in underrepresented languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Samuel Cahyawijaya

Given limited and costly computational infrastructure, resource efficiency is a key requirement for large language models (LLMs). Efficient LLMs increase service capacity for providers and reduce latency and API costs for users. Recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuanhe Zhang , Xinyue Wang , Zhican Chen , Weiliu Wang , Zilu Zhang , Zhengshuo Gong , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun , Yang Liu , Sen Su