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Recent advances in probabilistic modelling have led to a large number of simulation-based inference algorithms which do not require numerical evaluation of likelihoods. However, a public benchmark with appropriate performance metrics for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-12 Jan-Matthis Lueckmann , Jan Boelts , David S. Greenberg , Pedro J. Gonçalves , Jakob H. Macke

Research on backdoor attacks in Federated Learning (FL) has accelerated in recent years, with new attacks and defenses continually proposed in an escalating arms race. However, the evaluation of these methods remains neither standardized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Thinh Dao , Dung Thuy Nguyen , Khoa D Doan , Kok-Seng Wong

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to convert natural language descriptions into mathematical optimization formulations. Current evaluations often treat formulations as a whole, relying on coarse metrics like solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dania Refai , Moataz Ahmed

In the digital age, ensuring the correctness, safety, and reliability of software through formal verification is paramount, particularly as software increasingly underpins critical infrastructure. Formal verification, split into theorem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyong Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Chang Xu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Current evaluations of mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) are dominated by static benchmarks, either derived from competition-style problems or curated through costly expert effort, resulting in limited coverage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jicheng Ma , Guohua Wang , Xinhua Feng , Yiming Liu , Zhichao Hu , Yuhong Liu

Proof-oriented programs mix computational content with proofs of program correctness. However, the human effort involved in programming and proving is still substantial, despite the use of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Saikat Chakraborty , Gabriel Ebner , Siddharth Bhat , Sarah Fakhoury , Sakina Fatima , Shuvendu Lahiri , Nikhil Swamy

As language models accelerate scientific research by automating hypothesis generation and implementation, a new bottleneck emerges: evaluating and filtering hundreds of AI-generated ideas without exhaustive experimentation. We ask whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Srujan P Mule , Aniketh Garikaparthi , Manasi Patwardhan

The integration of Formal Verification tools with Large Language Models (LLMs) offers a path to scale software verification beyond manual workflows. However, current methods remain unreliable: without a solid theoretical footing, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 PIerre Dantas , Lucas Cordeiro , Youcheng Sun , Waldir Junior

Recent large language models (LLMs) achieve near-saturation accuracy on many established mathematical reasoning benchmarks, raising concerns about their ability to diagnose genuine reasoning competence. This saturation largely stems from…

The demand for synthetic data in mathematical reasoning has increased due to its potential to enhance the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, ensuring the validity of intermediate reasoning steps remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Giwon Hong , Wenda Li , Shay B. Cohen

Autoformalization, which translates natural language mathematics into machine-verifiable formal statements, is critical for using formal mathematical reasoning to solve math problems stated in natural language. While Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Guoxin Chen , Jing Wu , Xinjie Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ruihua Song , Chengxi Li , Kai Fan , Dayiheng Liu , Minpeng Liao

Increasing concerns and regulations about data privacy and sparsity necessitate the study of privacy-preserving, decentralized learning methods for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Federated learning (FL) provides promising…

Foundation Models (FMs) have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities including zero-shot learning, high fidelity data synthesis, and out of domain generalization. However, as we show in this paper, FMs still have poor out-of-the-box…

Although most of the automated theorem-proving approaches depend on formal proof systems, informal theorem proving can align better with large language models' (LLMs) strength in natural language processing. In this work, we identify a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunhe Li , Hao Shi , Bowen Deng , Wei Wang , Mengzhe Ruan , Hanxu Hou , Zhongxiang Dai , Siyang Gao , Chao Wang , Shuang Qiu , Linqi Song

Federated Recommendation Systems (FRSs) offer a privacy-preserving alternative to traditional centralized approaches by decentralizing data storage. However, they face persistent challenges such as data sparsity and heterogeneity, largely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Zhiwei Li , Guodong Long , Chunxu Zhang , Honglei Zhang , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

To solve hard problems, AI relies on a variety of disciplines such as logic, probabilistic reasoning, machine learning and mathematical programming. Although it is widely accepted that solving real-world problems requires an integration…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Vaishak Belle , Luc De Raedt

Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) require manual formalization, which is labor-intensive and demands expert knowledge. While automated formalization offers a potential solution, it faces two major challenges: model hallucination (e.g.,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wangyue Lu , Lun Du , Sirui Li , Ke Weng , Haozhe Sun , Hengyu Liu , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu

The Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used to solve discrete Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) in engineering and graphics applications. The popularity of FEM led to the development of a large family of variants, most of which…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Teseo Schneider , Yixin Hu , Xifeng Gao , Jeremie Dumas , Denis Zorin , Daniele Panozzo

Legal decisions should be logical and based on statutory laws. While large language models(LLMs) are good at understanding legal text, they cannot provide verifiable justifications. We present L4L, a solver-centric framework that enforces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Linze Chen , Yufan Cai , Zhe Hou , Jin Song Dong

Formal verification offers a path to provably correct software, but writing verified code remains expensive enough that the technique is rarely used in production. Recent large language models can accelerate this work, and recent benchmarks…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Leo Yao