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Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for passage reranking in information retrieval, leveraging their superior reasoning capabilities to address the limitations of conventional models on complex queries. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Meixiu Long , Duolin Sun , Dan Yang , Yihan Jiao , Lei Liu , Jiahai Wang , BinBin Hu , Yue Shen , Jie Feng , Zhehao Tan , Junjie Wang , Lianzhen Zhong , Jian Wang , Peng Wei , Jinjie Gu

In this paper, we present a novel approach to the low rank matrix recovery (LRMR) problem by casting it as a group sparsity problem. Specifically, we propose a flexible group sparse regularizer (FLGSR) that can group any number of matrix…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-10 Quan Yu , Minru Bai , Xinzhen Zhang

Group-wise quantization is an effective strategy for mitigating accuracy degradation in low-bit quantization of large language models (LLMs). Among existing methods, GPTQ has been widely adopted due to its efficiency; however, it neglects…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Junhan Kim , Gukryeol Lee , Seungwoo Son , Jeewook Kim , Yongkweon Jeon

Stochastic gradient-based descent (SGD), have long been central to training large language models (LLMs). However, their effectiveness is increasingly being questioned, particularly in large-scale applications where empirical evidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Di Zhang , Yihang Zhang

Training and fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) come with challenges related to memory and computational requirements due to the increasing size of the model weights and the optimizer states. Various techniques have been developed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yehonathan Refael , Jonathan Svirsky , Boris Shustin , Wasim Huleihel , Ofir Lindenbaum

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the way we think about language understanding and generation, enthralling both researchers and developers. However, deploying LLMs for inference has been a significant challenge due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Dibakar Gope , David Mansell , Danny Loh , Ian Bratt

Low-bit quantization is challenging to maintain high performance with limited model capacity (e.g., 4-bit for both weights and activations). Naturally, the distribution of both weights and activations in deep neural network are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Haibao Yu , Tuopu Wen , Guangliang Cheng , Jiankai Sun , Qi Han , Jianping Shi

Supervised fine-tuning is a standard method for adapting pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. Quantization has been recently studied as a post-training technique for efficient LLM deployment. To obtain quantized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Quan Wei , Chung-Yiu Yau , Hoi-To Wai , Yang Katie Zhao , Dongyeop Kang , Youngsuk Park , Mingyi Hong

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various domains, but they are constrained by massive computational and storage costs. Quantization, an effective technique for compressing models to fit resource-limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Han Liu , Haotian Gao , Xiaotong Zhang , Changya Li , Feng Zhang , Wei Wang , Fenglong Ma , Hong Yu

Quantization is an effective strategy to reduce the storage and computation footprint of large language models (LLMs). Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a leading approach for compressing LLMs. Popular weight quantization procedures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ryan Lucas , Mehdi Makni , Xiang Meng , Adam Deng , Rahul Mazumder

Although recent quantized Large Language Models (LLMs), such as BitNet, have paved the way for significant reduction in memory usage during deployment with binary or ternary weights, training these models still demands substantial memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Kaiyan Zhao , Tsuguchika Tabaru , Kenichi Kobayashi , Takumi Honda , Masafumi Yamazaki , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across various tasks, but deploying them for inference poses challenges. Their high resource demands often necessitate complex, costly multi-GPU pipelines, or the use of smaller,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Runsheng Bai , Bo Liu , Qiang Liu

With the rapid increase in model size and the growing importance of various fine-tuning applications, lightweight training has become crucial. Since the backward pass is twice as expensive as the forward pass, optimizing backpropagation is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Seonggon Kim , Eunhyeok Park

Post-training quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs) is challenging. In this work, we introduce Low-rank Quantization Error Reduction (LQER), which combines quantization and low-rank approximation to recover the model capability. LQER…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Cheng Zhang , Jianyi Cheng , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a prevailing technique for deploying large language models (LLMs) efficiently in terms of both memory and computation, across edge devices and server platforms. Existing PTQ methods primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yeonsik Park , Hyeonseong Kim , Seungkyu Choi

This paper investigates the computational and statistical limits in clustering matrix-valued observations. We propose a low-rank mixture model (LrMM), adapted from the classical Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to treat matrix-valued…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-08 Zhongyuan Lyu , Dong Xia

Clustering is a fundamental tool that has garnered significant interest across a wide range of applications including text analysis. To improve clustering accuracy, many researchers have incorporated background knowledge, typically in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Chaoqi Jia , Weihong Wu , Longkun Guo , Zhigang Lu , Chao Chen , Kok-Leong Ong

The memory challenges associated with training Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a critical concern, particularly when using the Adam optimizer. To address this issue, numerous memory-efficient techniques have been proposed, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yiming Chen , Yuan Zhang , Yin Liu , Kun Yuan , Zaiwen Wen

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is essential for deploying LLMs under memory and bandwidth constraints. However, extreme low-bit quantization remains highly sensitive to activation outliers and anisotropic weight curvature. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Artur Zagitov , Gleb Molodtsov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) holds the promise in reducing the prohibitive computational cost at inference time. Quantization of all weight, activation and key-value (KV) cache tensors to 4-bit without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Utkarsh Saxena , Sayeh Sharify , Kaushik Roy , Xin Wang