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The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly the Large Language Models (LLMs), have profoundly affected our daily work and communication forms. However, it is still a challenge to deploy LLMs on resource-constrained…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Mingqiang Huang , Ao Shen , Kai Li , Haoxiang Peng , Boyu Li , Yupeng Su , Hao Yu

Large Language Model (LLM) inference on large-scale systems is expected to dominate future cloud infrastructures. Efficient LLM inference in cloud environments with numerous AI accelerators is challenging, necessitating extensive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ilias Bournias , Lukas Cavigelli , Georgios Zacharopoulos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become extremely potent instruments with exceptional capacities for comprehending and producing human-like text in a wide range of applications. However, the increasing size and complexity of LLMs present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yingbing Huang , Lily Jiaxin Wan , Hanchen Ye , Manvi Jha , Jinghua Wang , Yuhong Li , Xiaofan Zhang , Deming Chen

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have made a significant impact on various domains. However, LLMs' efficiency suffers from both heavy computation and memory overheads. Compression techniques like sparsification and…

This paper introduces SpeedLLM, a neural network accelerator designed on the Xilinx Alevo U280 platform and optimized for the Tinyllama framework to enhance edge computing performance. Key innovations include data stream parallelism, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Peipei Wang , Wu Guan , Liping Liang , Zhijun Wang , Hanqing Luo , Zhibin Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across a variety of tasks. However, their substantial scale leads to significant computational resource consumption during inference, resulting in high costs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zhaode Wang , Jingbang Yang , Xinyu Qian , Shiwen Xing , Xiaotang Jiang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang

The rapid development of large language models (LLM) has greatly enhanced everyday applications. While many FPGA-based accelerators, with flexibility for fine-grained data control, exhibit superior speed and energy efficiency compared to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zifan He , Shengyu Ye , Rui Ma , Yang Wang , Jason Cong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human language, but efficient inference on resource-constrained embedded devices remains challenging due to large model sizes and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Weihong Xu , Haein Choi , Po-kai Hsu , Shimeng Yu , Tajana Rosing

The increase in open-source availability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled users to deploy them on more and more resource-constrained edge devices to reduce reliance on network connections and provide more privacy. However, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Jude Haris , Rappy Saha , Wenhao Hu , José Cano

Large language models demand massive computational power and memory resources, posing significant challenges for efficient deployment. While quantization has been widely explored to reduce model size and computation, this paper demonstrates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Soroush Ahadi , Mehdi Modarressi , Masoud Daneshtalab

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for delivering fast responses and ensuring data privacy. However, the limited storage, weight, and power of edge devices make it difficult to deploy LLM-powered applications.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chunlin Tian , Xinpeng Qin , Kahou Tam , Li Li , Zijian Wang , Yuanzhe Zhao , Minglei Zhang , Chengzhong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various fields, from natural language understanding to text generation. Compared to non-generative LLMs like BERT and DeBERTa, generative LLMs like GPT series and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jinhao Li , Jiaming Xu , Shan Huang , Yonghua Chen , Wen Li , Jun Liu , Yaoxiu Lian , Jiayi Pan , Li Ding , Hao Zhou , Yu Wang , Guohao Dai

The demand for efficient large language model (LLM) inference has propelled the development of dedicated accelerators. As accelerators are vulnerable to hardware faults due to aging, variation, etc, existing accelerator designs often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tong Xie , Jiawang Zhao , Zishen Wan , Zuodong Zhang , Yuan Wang , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang , Meng Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing tasks, revolutionizing the field with their ability to understand and generate human-like text. As the demand for more sophisticated LLMs continues…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Christoforos Kachris

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial potential across a diverse array of domains via request serving. However, as trends continue to push for expanding context sizes, the autoregressive nature of LLMs results in highly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Bin Lin , Chen Zhang , Tao Peng , Hanyu Zhao , Wencong Xiao , Minmin Sun , Anmin Liu , Zhipeng Zhang , Lanbo Li , Xiafei Qiu , Shen Li , Zhigang Ji , Tao Xie , Yong Li , Wei Lin

We present FlexLLM, a composable High-Level Synthesis (HLS) library for rapid development of domain-specific LLM accelerators. FlexLLM exposes key architectural degrees of freedom for stage-customized inference, enabling hybrid designs that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiahao Zhang , Zifan He , Nicholas Fraser , Michaela Blott , Yizhou Sun , Jason Cong

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) boasting billions of parameters have generated a significant demand for efficient deployment in inference workloads. The majority of existing approaches rely on temporal architectures that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hongzheng Chen , Jiahao Zhang , Yixiao Du , Shaojie Xiang , Zichao Yue , Niansong Zhang , Yaohui Cai , Zhiru Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have propelled groundbreaking advancements across several domains and are commonly used for text generation applications. However, the computational demands of these complex models pose significant challenges,…

The substantial memory bandwidth and computational demands of large language models (LLMs) present critical challenges for efficient inference. To tackle this, the literature has explored heterogeneous systems that combine neural processing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yuzong Chen , Chao Fang , Xilai Dai , Yuheng Wu , Thierry Tambe , Marian Verhelst , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful foundation for intelligent reasoning and decision-making, demonstrating substantial impact across a wide range of domains and applications. However, their massive parameter scales and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mingyu Sun , Xiao Zhang , Shen Qu , Yan Li , Mengbai Xiao , Yuan Yuan , Dongxiao Yu
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