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A large class of inverse problems for PDEs are only well-defined as mappings from operators to functions. Existing operator learning frameworks map functions to functions and need to be modified to learn inverse maps from data. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Roberto Molinaro , Yunan Yang , Björn Engquist , Siddhartha Mishra

This paper proposes a physics-informed neural operator (PINO) framework for solving inverse scattering problems, enabling rapid and accurate reconstructions under diverse measurement conditions. In the proposed approach, the dielectric…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Q. C. Dong , Zi-Xuan Su , Qing Huo Liu , Wen Chen , Zhizhang , Chen

Solving inverse problems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs) is central to science and engineering, yet remains challenging when measurements are sparse, noisy, or when the underlying coefficients are high-dimensional or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Gang Bao , Yaohua Zang

Neural operators learn mappings between function spaces, which is practical for learning solution operators of PDEs and other scientific modeling applications. Among them, the Fourier neural operator (FNO) is a popular architecture that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Miguel Liu-Schiaffini , Julius Berner , Boris Bonev , Thorsten Kurth , Kamyar Azizzadenesheli , Anima Anandkumar

Neural operators (NOs) are designed to learn maps between infinite-dimensional function spaces. We propose a novel reframing of their use. By introducing an auxiliary base-space, any finite-dimensional function can be viewed as an operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Vasilis Niarchos , Angelos Sirbu , Sokratis Trifinopoulos

This paper presents NOIR, a framework that reframes core medical imaging tasks as operator learning between continuous function spaces, challenging the prevailing paradigm of discrete grid-based deep learning. Instead of operating on fixed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Sidaty El Hadramy , Nazim Haouchine , Michael Wehrli , Philippe C. Cattin

Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is a powerful and popular operator learning method. However, FNO is mainly used in forward prediction, yet a great many applications rely on solving inverse problems. In this paper, we propose an invertible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Da Long , Zhitong Xu , Qiwei Yuan , Yin Yang , Shandian Zhe

This paper introduces the Kernel Neural Operator (KNO), a provably convergent operator-learning architecture that utilizes compositions of deep kernel-based integral operators for function-space approximation of operators (maps from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Matthew Lowery , John Turnage , Zachary Morrow , John D. Jakeman , Akil Narayan , Shandian Zhe , Varun Shankar

Constitutive modeling based on continuum mechanics theory has been a classical approach for modeling the mechanical responses of materials. However, when constitutive laws are unknown or when defects and/or high degrees of heterogeneity are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Huaiqian You , Quinn Zhang , Colton J. Ross , Chung-Hao Lee , Yue Yu

Neural operators serve as fast, data-driven surrogates for scientific modeling but typically rely on a monolithic, single-pass inference procedure that struggles to resolve high-frequency details, a limitation known as spectral bias. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xiaotian Liu , Shuyuan Shang , Xiaopeng Wang , Pu Ren , Yaoqing Yang

The Deep Operator Network (DeepONet) is a powerful neural operator architecture that uses two neural networks to map between infinite-dimensional function spaces. This architecture allows for the evaluation of the solution field at any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Bahador Bahmani , Somdatta Goswami , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Michael D. Shields

Fourier Neural Operators (FNO) offer a principled approach to solving challenging partial differential equations (PDE) such as turbulent flows. At the core of FNO is a spectral layer that leverages a discretization-convergent representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Robert Joseph George , Jiawei Zhao , Jean Kossaifi , Zongyi Li , Anima Anandkumar

The neural operator has emerged as a powerful tool in learning mappings between function spaces in PDEs. However, when faced with real-world physical data, which are often highly non-uniformly distributed, it is challenging to use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Songming Liu , Zhongkai Hao , Chengyang Ying , Hang Su , Ze Cheng , Jun Zhu

The predictive accuracy of operator learning frameworks depends on the quality and quantity of available training data (input-output function pairs), often requiring substantial amounts of high-fidelity data, which can be challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Sumanta Roy , Bahador Bahmani , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Michael D. Shields

We propose the Inverse Neural Operator (INO), a two-stage framework for recovering hidden ODE parameters from sparse, partial observations. In Stage 1, a Conditional Fourier Neural Operator (C-FNO) with cross-attention learns a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Zhi-Song Liu , Wenqing Peng , Helmi Toropainen , Ammar Kheder , Andreas Rupp , Holger Froning , Xiaojie Lin , Michael Boy

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have emerged as leading surrogates for solver operators for various functional problems, yet their stability, generalization and frequency behavior lack a principled explanation. We present a systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Taeyoung Kim

Neural operators have emerged as a powerful, data-driven paradigm for learning solution operators of partial differential equations (PDEs). State-of-the-art architectures, such as the Fourier Neural Operator (FNO), have achieved remarkable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Saman Pordanesh , Pejman Shahsavari , Hossein Ghadjari

Neural operators, which emerge as implicit solution operators of hidden governing equations, have recently become popular tools for learning responses of complex real-world physical systems. Nevertheless, the majority of neural operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Ning Liu , Yue Yu , Huaiqian You , Neeraj Tatikola

Multifunctional metamaterials (MMM) bear promise as next-generation material platforms supporting miniaturization and customization. Despite many proof-of-concept demonstrations and the proliferation of deep learning assisted design, grand…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Doksoo Lee , Lu Zhang , Yue Yu , Wei Chen

Operator learning is a variant of machine learning that is designed to approximate maps between function spaces from data. The Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is one of the main model architectures used for operator learning. The FNO combines…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart , Margaret Trautner
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