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The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and GPT-4 have attracted great attention given their surprising performance on a wide range of NLP tasks. Length controlled generation of LLMs emerges as an important topic, which enables users to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Renlong Jie , Xiaojun Meng , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant biases in evaluation tasks, particularly in preferentially rating and favoring self-generated content. However, the extent to which this bias manifests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Jing Jin , Peng-Ting Kuo , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Large pre-trained language models have demonstrated their proficiency in storing factual knowledge within their parameters and achieving remarkable results when fine-tuned for downstream natural language processing tasks. Nonetheless, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Konstantinos Andriopoulos , Johan Pouwelse

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly show reasoning rationales alongside their answers, turning "reasoning" into a user-interface element. While step-by-step rationales are typically associated with model performance, how they…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xin Sun , Shu Wei , Jos A Bosch , Isao Echizen , Saku Sugawara , Abdallah El Ali

Personalized retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) aims to produce user-tailored responses by incorporating retrieved user profiles alongside the input query. Existing methods primarily focus on improving retrieval and rely on large language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Kepu Zhang , Teng Shi , Weijie Yu , Jun Xu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) highlight their fluency in generating responses to diverse prompts. However, these models sometimes generate plausible yet incorrect ``hallucinated" facts, undermining trust. A frequent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jung-Woo Shim , Yeong-Joon Ju , Ji-Hoon Park , Seong-Whan Lee

In recent years, large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to follow instructions and perform novel tasks from a few examples. The possibility to parameterise an LLM through such in-context examples widens their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Imanol Schlag , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Asli Celikyilmaz , Wen-tau Yih , Jason Weston , Jürgen Schmidhuber , Xian Li

Automated unit test generation is critical for software quality but traditional structure-driven methods often lack the semantic understanding required to produce realistic inputs and oracles. Large language models (LLMs) address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Bei Chu , Yang Feng , Kui Liu , Zhaoqiang Guo , Yichi Zhang , Hange Shi , Zifan Nan , Baowen Xu

Large language models (LLMs) commonly risk copyright infringement by reproducing protected content verbatim or with insufficient transformative modifications, posing significant ethical, legal, and practical concerns. Current inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Aakash Sen Sharma , Debdeep Sanyal , Priyansh Srivastava , Sundar Atreya H. , Shirish Karande , Mohan Kankanhalli , Murari Mandal

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced various fields, including natural language processing and automated dialogue systems. This paper explores the application of LLMs in psychological counseling, addressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Wenjie Li , Tianyu Sun , Kun Qian , Wenhong Wang

Learning intents and slot labels from user utterances is a fundamental step in all spoken language understanding (SLU) and dialog systems. State-of-the-art neural network based methods, after deployment, often suffer from performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Avik Ray , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin

To help enforce data-protection regulations such as GDPR and detect unauthorized uses of personal data, we develop a new \emph{model auditing} technique that helps users check if their data was used to train a machine learning model. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Congzheng Song , Vitaly Shmatikov

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tool learning. In real-world scenarios, user queries are often ambiguous and incomplete, requiring effective clarification. However, existing interactive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xuan Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Zhe Zheng , Linjuan Wu , Wenqi Zhang , Yuchen Yan , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in generating user summaries from a long list of raw user activity data. These summaries capture essential user information such as preferences and interests, and therefore are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Chao Wang , Neo Wu , Lin Ning , Jiaxing Wu , Luyang Liu , Jun Xie , Shawn O'Banion , Bradley Green

As connected and automated transportation systems evolve, there is a growing need for federal and state authorities to revise existing laws and develop new statutes to address emerging cybersecurity and data privacy challenges. This study…

Despite their linguistic prowess, LLMs have been shown to be vulnerable to small input perturbations. While robustness to local adversarial changes has been studied, robustness to global modifications such as different linguistic styles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pulkit Arora , Akbar Karimi , Lucie Flek

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in various natural language processing tasks, yet they often struggle with maintaining factual accuracy, particularly in knowledge-intensive domains like healthcare. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Hieu Tran , Junda Wang , Yujan Ting , Weijing Huang , Terrence Chen

Motivated by the rapid ascent of Large Language Models (LLMs) and debates about the extent to which they possess human-level qualities, we propose a framework for testing whether any agent (be it a machine or a human) understands a subject…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Kevin Leyton-Brown , Yoav Shoham