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With generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), continuing to make inroads in healthcare, it is critical to supplement traditional automated evaluations with human evaluations. Understanding and…

The rapid development of large language model (LLM) alignment algorithms has resulted in a complex and fragmented landscape, with limited clarity on the effectiveness of different methods and their inter-connections. This paper introduces…

Decision-making is a complex process requiring diverse abilities, making it an excellent framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs). Researchers have examined LLMs' decision-making through the lens of Game Theory. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jen-tse Huang , Eric John Li , Man Ho Lam , Tian Liang , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Wenxiang Jiao , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael R. Lyu

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly influenced numerous fields, including healthcare, by enhancing the capabilities of automated systems to process and generate human-like text. However, despite their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Mohit Gupta , Akiko Aizawa , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Evaluating and ranking the capabilities of different LLMs is crucial for understanding their performance and alignment with human preferences. Due to the high cost and time-consuming nature of human evaluations, an automatic LLM bencher…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Mingqi Gao , Yixin Liu , Xinyu Hu , Xiaojun Wan , Jonathan Bragg , Arman Cohan

Evaluating the capabilities and risks of foundation models is paramount, yet current methods demand extensive domain expertise, hindering their scalability as these models rapidly evolve. We introduce SKATE: a novel evaluation framework in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Dewi S. W. Gould , Bruno Mlodozeniec , Samuel F. Brown

Supervised fine-tuning of large language models relies on human-annotated data, yet annotation pipelines routinely involve multiple crowdworkers of heterogeneous expertise. Standard practice aggregates labels via majority vote or simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sajjad Ghiasvand , Mark Beliaev , Mahnoosh Alizadeh , Ramtin Pedarsani

As AI models progress beyond simple chatbots into more complex workflows, we draw ever closer to the event horizon beyond which AI systems will be utilized in autonomous, self-maintaining feedback loops. Any autonomous AI system will depend…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Benjamin Feuer , Lucas Rosenblatt , Oussama Elachqar

New large language models (LLMs) are being released every day. Some perform significantly better or worse than expected given their parameter count. Therefore, there is a need for a method to independently evaluate models. The current best…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ashwin Ramaswamy , Nestor Demeure , Ermal Rrapaj

As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition from static tools to autonomous agents, traditional evaluation benchmarks that measure performance on downstream tasks are becoming insufficient. These methods fail to capture the emergent social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Zarreen Reza

Reinforcement Learning (RL) heavily relies on the careful design of the reward function. However, accurately assigning rewards to each state-action pair in Long-Term Reinforcement Learning (LTRL) tasks remains a significant challenge. As a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Qi Ju , Falin Hei , Zhemei Fang , Yunfeng Luo

LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in complex reasoning but remain bottlenecked by reliance on expert-annotated data and external verifiers. While existing self-evolution paradigms aim to bypass these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhitao Gao , Jie Ma , Xuhong Li , Pengyu Li , Ning Qu , Yaqiang Wu , Hui Liu , Jun Liu

Prompt injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs) to manipulate the model into unintended actions or generate malicious content. As LLM integrated applications gain wider adoption, they face growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi , Chun Fai Chan

Benchmarking is a fundamental practice in machine learning (ML) for comparing the performance of classification algorithms. However, traditional evaluation methods often overlook a critical aspect: the joint consideration of dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro , Regiane Kawasaki , Ricardo Prudêncio , Ronnie Alves

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) offers promising new approaches for recommendation system tasks. While the current state-of-the-art methods rely on fine-tuning LLMs to achieve optimal results, this process is costly and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dong-Ho Lee , Adam Kraft , Long Jin , Nikhil Mehta , Taibai Xu , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Xinyang Yi

While astonishingly capable, large Language Models (LLM) can sometimes produce outputs that deviate from human expectations. Such deviations necessitate an alignment phase to prevent disseminating untruthful, toxic, or biased information.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Long Tan Le , Han Shu , Tung-Anh Nguyen , Choong Seon Hong , Nguyen H. Tran

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences typically relies on external supervision, which faces critical limitations: human annotations are scarce and subjective, reward models are vulnerable to reward hacking, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) move from curated training sets into open-ended real-world environments, a fundamental limitation emerges: static training cannot keep pace with continual deployment environment change. Scaling training-time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Minhua Lin , Hanqing Lu , Zhan Shi , Bing He , Rui Mao , Zhiwei Zhang , Zongyu Wu , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Zhenwei Dai , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang , Benoit Dumoulin , Jian Pei

Ensuring annotator quality in training and evaluation data is a key piece of machine learning in NLP. Tasks such as sentiment analysis and offensive speech detection are intrinsically subjective, creating a challenging scenario for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Sujan Dutta , Deepak Pandita , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Marcos Zampieri , Christopher M. Homan , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh