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We address the task of predicting the gain of using RAG (retrieval augmented generation) for question answering with respect to not using it. We study the performance of a few pre-retrieval and post-retrieval predictors originally devised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Or Dado , David Carmel , Oren Kurland

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge to generate a response within a context with improved accuracy and reduced hallucinations. However, multi-modal RAG systems face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Matin Mortaheb , Mohammad A. Amir Khojastepour , Srimat T. Chakradhar , Sennur Ulukus

Recent advancements in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have enabled Large Language Models to answer financial questions using external knowledge bases of U.S. SEC filings, earnings reports, and regulatory documents. However, existing…

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a prevalent approach for building LLM-based question-answering systems that can take advantage of external knowledge databases. Due to the complexity of real-world RAG systems, there are many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Kin Kwan Leung , Mouloud Belbahri , Yi Sui , Alex Labach , Xueying Zhang , Stephen Anthony Rose , Jesse C. Cresswell

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities but are prone to generating inaccurate or hallucinatory responses. This limitation stems from their reliance on vast pretraining datasets, making them susceptible to errors in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Chi-Min Chan , Chunpu Xu , Ruibin Yuan , Hongyin Luo , Wei Xue , Yike Guo , Jie Fu

Despite the recent progress in hyperparameter optimization (HPO), available benchmarks that resemble real-world scenarios consist of a few and very large problem instances that are expensive to solve. This blocks researchers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Aaron Klein , Zhenwen Dai , Frank Hutter , Neil Lawrence , Javier Gonzalez

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a common method for integrating external knowledge into pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance accuracy and relevancy in question answering (QA) tasks. However, prompt engineering and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Isaac Chung , Phat Vo , Arman C. Kizilkale , Aaron Reite

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) lifts the factuality of Large Language Models (LLMs) by injecting external knowledge, yet it falls short on problems that demand multi-step inference; conversely, purely reasoning-oriented approaches…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) prevails in Large Language Models. It mainly consists of retrieval and generation. The retrieval modules (a.k.a. retrievers) aim to find useful information used to facilitate the generation modules…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xinping Zhao , Yan Zhong , Zetian Sun , Xinshuo Hu , Zhenyu Liu , Dongfang Li , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into enterprise knowledge management systems has been catalyzed by the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm, which augments parametric memory with non-parametric external data.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Weixi Lin

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly mitigates the hallucinations and domain knowledge deficiency in large language models by incorporating external knowledge bases. However, the multi-module architecture of RAG introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yanming Mu , Hao Hu , Feiyang Li , Qiao Yuan , Jiang Wu , Zichuan Liu , Pengcheng Liu , Mei Wang , Hongwei Zhou , Yuling Liu

Deep learning techniques play an increasingly important role in industrial and research environments due to their outstanding results. However, the large number of hyper-parameters to be set may lead to errors if they are set manually. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Michele Fraccaroli , Evelina Lamma , Fabrizio Riguzzi

In question-answering (QA) systems, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become pivotal in enhancing response accuracy and reducing hallucination issues. The architecture of RAG systems varies significantly, encompassing single-round…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yiqun Chen , Erhan Zhang , Lingyong Yan , Shuaiqiang Wang , Jizhou Huang , Dawei Yin , Jiaxin Mao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) utilizes external knowledge to augment Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability. For flexibility, agentic RAG employs autonomous, multi-round retrieval and reasoning to resolve queries. Although recent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chao Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Derong Xu , Haoxin Zhang , Yuanjie Lyu , Yuhao Chen , Shuochen Liu , Tong Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Enhong Chen

This paper introduces a new hyper-parameter for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems called Context Window Utilization. RAG systems enhance generative models by incorporating relevant information retrieved from external knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kush Juvekar , Anupam Purwar

Hyperparameter tuning is a critical yet computationally expensive step in training neural networks, particularly when the search space is high dimensional and nonconvex. Metaheuristic optimization algorithms are often used for this purpose…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Amaras Nazarians , Sachin Kumar

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves large language models (LLMs) by using external knowledge to guide response generation, reducing hallucinations. However, RAG, particularly multi-modal RAG, can introduce new hallucination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Matin Mortaheb , Mohammad A. Amir Khojastepour , Srimat T. Chakradhar , Sennur Ulukus

This paper presents a comprehensive study of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), tracing its evolution from foundational concepts to the current state of the art. RAG combines retrieval mechanisms with generative language models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Shailja Gupta , Rajesh Ranjan , Surya Narayan Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made query reformulation ubiquitous in modern retrieval and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines, enabling the generation of multiple semantically equivalent query variants. However, executing the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Negar Arabzadeh , Andrew Drozdov , Michael Bendersky , Matei Zaharia

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are increasingly used to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. Yet, the question of how to design RL environments to maximize training performance remains unanswered, both for the OPF and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Thomas Wolgast , Astrid Nieße