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Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely used attribution method in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). In this paper, we introduce Path-Weighted Integrated Gradients (PWIG), a generalization of IG that incorporates a customizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Firuz Kamalov , Mohmad Al Falasi , Fadi Thabtah

Deep neural networks have produced significant progress among machine learning models in terms of accuracy and functionality, but their inner workings are still largely unknown. Attribution methods seek to shine a light on these "black box"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Daniel Lundstrom , Meisam Razaviyayn

Feature attribution explains Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the instance level by providing importance scores of input features' contributions to model prediction. Integrated Gradients (IG) is a prominent path attribution method for deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yue Zhuo , Zhiqiang Ge

As deep learning (DL) efficacy grows, concerns for poor model explainability grow also. Attribution methods address the issue of explainability by quantifying the importance of an input feature for a model prediction. Among various methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Daniel Lundstrom , Tianjian Huang , Meisam Razaviyayn

Attribution methods are primarily designed to study input component contributions to individual model predictions. However, some research applications require a summary of attribution patterns across the entire dataset to facilitate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Pierre Lelièvre , Chien-Chung Chen

Efforts to decode deep neural networks (DNNs) often involve mapping their predictions back to the input features. Among these methods, Integrated Gradients (IG) has emerged as a significant technique. The selection of appropriate baselines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Shuyang Liu , Zixuan Chen , Ge Shi , Ji Wang , Changjie Fan , Yu Xiong , Runze Wu Yujing Hu , Ze Ji , Yang Gao

Feature attributions are post-training analysis methods that assess how various input features of a machine learning model contribute to an output prediction. Their interpretation is straightforward when features act independently, but it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Kurt Butler , Guanchao Feng , Petar Djuric

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a commonly used feature attribution method for deep neural networks. While IG has many desirable properties, the method often produces spurious/noisy pixel attributions in regions that are not related to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Andrei Kapishnikov , Subhashini Venugopalan , Besim Avci , Ben Wedin , Michael Terry , Tolga Bolukbasi

Attribution algorithms are frequently employed to explain the decisions of neural network models. Integrated Gradients (IG) is an influential attribution method due to its strong axiomatic foundation. The algorithm is based on integrating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Chase Walker , Sumit Jha , Kenny Chen , Rickard Ewetz

Feature attribution is central to diagnosing and trusting deep neural networks, and Integrated Gradients (IG) is widely used due to its axiomatic properties. However, IG can yield unreliable explanations when the integration path between a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Soyeon Kim , Seongwoo Lim , Kyowoon Lee , Jaesik Choi

We introduce Generalized Integrated Gradients (GIG), a formal extension of the Integrated Gradients (IG) (Sundararajan et al., 2017) method for attributing credit to the input variables of a predictive model. GIG improves IG by explaining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 John Merrill , Geoff Ward , Sean Kamkar , Jay Budzik , Douglas Merrill

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a widely adopted feature attribution method that satisfies desirable axiomatic properties. However, the choice of integration path significantly affects the quality of attributions, and the standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Soyeon Kim , Seongwoo Lim , Kyowoon Lee , Jaesik Choi

Interpretability is essential in Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis for computational pathology, where understanding model predictions helps build trust in AI-assisted diagnostics. While Integrated Gradients (IG) and related attribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Anh Mai Vu , Tuan L. Vo , Ngoc Lam Quang Bui , Nam Nguyen Le Binh , Akash Awasthi , Huy Quoc Vo , Thanh-Huy Nguyen , Zhu Han , Chandra Mohan , Hien Van Nguyen

Integrated Gradients (IG), a widely used axiomatic path-based attribution method, assigns importance scores to input features by integrating model gradients along a straight path from a baseline to the input. While effective in some cases,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Sina Salek , Joseph Enguehard

Integrated gradients are widely employed to evaluate the contribution of input features in classification models because it satisfies the axioms for attribution of prediction. This method, however, requires an appropriate baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Kazuki Tachikawa , Yuji Kawai , Jihoon Park , Minoru Asada

Integrated Gradients (IG) and PatternAttribution (PA) are two established explainability methods for neural networks. Both methods are theoretically well-founded. However, they were designed to overcome different challenges. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Robert Schwarzenberg , Steffen Castle

As a prominent attribution-based explanation algorithm, Integrated Gradients (IG) is widely adopted due to its desirable explanation axioms and the ease of gradient computation. It measures feature importance by averaging the model's output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Soumya Sanyal , Xiang Ren

Integrated Gradients (IG) is a common explainability technique to address the black-box problem of neural networks. Integrated gradients assumes continuous data. Graphs are discrete structures making IG ill-suited to graphs. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Lachlan Simpson , Kyle Millar , Adriel Cheng , Cheng-Chew Lim , Hong Gunn Chew

To assist humans in efficiently validating RAG-generated content, developing a fine-grained attribution mechanism that provides supporting evidence from retrieved documents for every answer span is essential. Existing fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Qiang Ding , Lvzhou Luo , Yixuan Cao , Ping Luo

We observe that existing model interpretation methods generally ignore the baseline, and such neglect often results in imprecise or even incorrect interpretation. In this paper, we reformulate the task of model interpretation and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yongjin Cui , Xiaohui Fan
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