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Related papers: Memorization or Interpolation ? Detecting LLM Memo…

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The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have expanded beyond natural language processing to scientific prediction tasks, including molecular property prediction. However, their effectiveness in in-context learning remains…

High-quality training data has proven crucial for developing performant large language models (LLMs). However, commercial LLM providers disclose few, if any, details about the data used for training. This lack of transparency creates…

Large language models (LLMs) often require vast amounts of text to effectively acquire new knowledge. While continuing pre-training on large corpora or employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has proven successful, updating an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hugo Abonizio , Thales Almeida , Roberto Lotufo , Rodrigo Nogueira

Large language models (LLMs) are known to memorize and recall English text from their pretraining data. However, the extent to which this ability generalizes to non-English languages or transfers across languages remains unclear. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Alisha Srivastava , Emir Korukluoglu , Minh Nhat Le , Duyen Tran , Chau Minh Pham , Marzena Karpinska , Mohit Iyyer

Large language models (LLMs) cannot be trusted for economic forecasts during periods covered by their training data. Counterfactual forecasting ability is non-identified when the model has seen the realized values: any observed output is…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-16 Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Yuehua Tang , Mingyin Zhu

Modern approaches to enhancing Large Language Models' factual accuracy and knowledge utilization face a fundamental trade-off: non-parametric retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides flexible access to external knowledge but suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rubin Wei , Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Jushi Kai , Qipeng Guo , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Information retrieval in Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly recognized as intertwined with generation capabilities rather than mere lookup. While longer contexts are often assumed to improve retrieval, the effects of intra-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Chupei Wang , Jiaqiu Vince Sun

Memorization in language models is widely studied but remains difficult to isolate and control. Understanding when and what models memorize is essential for explaining their predictions, yet existing approaches are post-hoc: they can detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xiangbo Zhang , Ali Emami

Large language models learn and continually learn through the accumulation of gradient-based updates, but how individual pieces of new information affect existing knowledge, leading to both beneficial generalization and problematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Chen Sun , Renat Aksitov , Andrey Zhmoginov , Nolan Andrew Miller , Max Vladymyrov , Ulrich Rueckert , Been Kim , Mark Sandler

This work analyses the text memorization behavior of large language models (LLMs) when subjected to nucleus sampling. Stochastic decoding methods like nucleus sampling are typically applied to overcome issues such as monotonous and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Luka Borec , Philipp Sadler , David Schlangen

Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) usually remain static after deployment, which might make it hard to inject new knowledge into the model. We aim to build models containing a considerable portion of self-updatable parameters, enabling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yu Wang , Yifan Gao , Xiusi Chen , Haoming Jiang , Shiyang Li , Jingfeng Yang , Qingyu Yin , Zheng Li , Xian Li , Bing Yin , Jingbo Shang , Julian McAuley

Sequence models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and autoregressive image generators, have a tendency to memorize and inadvertently leak sensitive information. While this tendency has critical legal implications, existing tools are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lorenzo Rossi , Michael Aerni , Jie Zhang , Florian Tramèr

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on complex reasoning tasks, yet little is known about their ability to internally evaluate problem difficulty, which is an essential capability for adaptive reasoning and efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sunbowen Lee , Qingyu Yin , Chak Tou Leong , Jialiang Zhang , Yicheng Gong , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

Plaintiffs and defendants in copyright lawsuits over generative AI often make sweeping, opposing claims about the extent to which large language models (LLMs) memorize protected expression from books in their training data. We show that…

Concerned with privacy threats, memorization in LLMs is often seen as undesirable, specifically for learning. In this paper, we study whether memorization can be avoided when optimally learning a language, and whether the privacy threat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Soumi Das , Qinyuan Wu , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Krishna P. Gummadi , Evimaria Terzi , Deepak Garg

Recent developments in Language Models (LMs) have shown their effectiveness in NLP tasks, particularly in knowledge-intensive tasks. However, the mechanisms underlying knowledge storage and memory access within their parameters remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Tongyao Zhu , Qian Liu , Liang Pang , Zhengbao Jiang , Min-Yen Kan , Min Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently memorize long sequences verbatim, often with serious legal and privacy implications. Much prior work has studied such verbatim memorization using observational data. To complement such work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Jing Huang , Diyi Yang , Christopher Potts

Large Language Models (LLMs) memorize, and thus, among huge amounts of uncontrolled data, may memorize Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which should not be stored and, consequently, not leaked. In this paper, we introduce Private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Giancarlo A. Xompero , Davide Venditti , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative training without raw data sharing, but still risks training data memorization. Existing FL memorization detection techniques focus on one sample at a time, underestimating more subtle risks of…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming very popular and are used for many different purposes, including creative tasks in the arts. However, these models sometimes have trouble with specific reasoning tasks, especially those that involve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Anna Kruspe