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Population protocols are a model of distributed computing, in which $n$ agents with limited local state interact randomly, and cooperate to collectively compute global predicates. An extensive series of papers, across different communities,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-17 Dan Alistarh , James Aspnes , Rati Gelashvili

We analyze the convergence of the $k$-opinion Undecided State Dynamics (USD) in the population protocol model. For $k$=2 opinions it is well known that the USD reaches consensus with high probability within $O(n \log n)$ interactions.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Talley Amir , James Aspnes , Petra Berenbrink , Felix Biermeier , Christopher Hahn , Dominik Kaaser , John Lazarsfeld

A population protocol can be viewed as a sequence of pairwise interactions of $n$ agents (nodes). During one interaction, two agents selected uniformly at random update their states by applying a specified deterministic transition function.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Petra Berenbrink , Robert Elsässer , Tom Friedetzky , Dominik Kaaser , Peter Kling , Tomasz Radzik

We study Plurality Consensus in the Gossip Model over a network of $n$ anonymous agents. Each agent supports an initial opinion or color. We assume that at the onset, the number of agents supporting the plurality color exceeds that of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-07-11 L. Becchetti , A. Clementi , E. Natale , F. Pasquale , R. Silvestri

We address the self-stabilizing exact majority problem in the population protocol model, introduced by Angluin, Aspnes, Diamadi, Fischer, and Peralta (2004). In this model, there are $n$ state machines, called agents, which form a network.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Haruki Kanaya , Ryota Eguchi , Taisho Sasada , Fukuhito Ooshita , Michiko Inoue

We present the first upper bound on the convergence time to consensus of the well-known $h$-majority dynamics with $k$ opinions, in the synchronous setting, for $h$ and $k$ that are both non-constant values. We suppose that, at the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Francesco d'Amore , Niccolò D'Archivio , George Giakkoupis , Emanuele Natale

We study the Undecided-State Dynamics (USD), a fundamental consensus process in which each vertex holds one of $k$ decided opinions or the undecided state. We consider both the gossip model and the population protocol model. Prior work…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Colin Cooper , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Tomasz Radzik , Nobutaka Shimizu , Takeharu Shiraga

We consider the following distributed consensus problem: Each node in a complete communication network of size $n$ initially holds an \emph{opinion}, which is chosen arbitrarily from a finite set $\Sigma$. The system must converge toward a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Luca Becchetti , Andrea Clementi , Emanuele Natale , Francesco Pasquale , Luca Trevisan

The \emph{Undecided-State Dynamics} is a well-known protocol for distributed consensus. We analyze it in the parallel \pull\ communication model on the complete graph for the \emph{binary} case (every node can either support one of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-20 Andrea E. F. Clementi , Luciano Gualà , Francesco Pasquale , Giacomo Scornavacca , Emanuele Natale , Mohsen Ghaffari

We consider the plurality consensus problem among $n$ agents. Initially, each agent has one of $k$ different opinions. Agents choose random interaction partners and revise their state according to a fixed transition function, depending on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Gregor Bankhamer , Petra Berenbrink , Felix Biermeier , Robert Elsässer , Hamed Hosseinpour , Dominik Kaaser , Peter Kling

We consider \emph{plurality consensus} in a network of $n$ nodes. Initially, each node has one of $k$ opinions. The nodes execute a (randomized) distributed protocol to agree on the plurality opinion (the opinion initially supported by the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-02-04 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Peter Kling , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Chris Wastell

We study population protocols, a model of distributed computing appropriate for modeling well-mixed chemical reaction networks and other physical systems where agents exchange information in pairwise interactions, but have no control over…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-24 David Doty , Mahsa Eftekhari , Leszek Gąsieniec , Eric Severson , Grzegorz Stachowiak , Przemysław Uznański

We study a \emph{Plurality-Consensus} process in which each of $n$ anonymous agents of a communication network initially supports an opinion (a color chosen from a finite set $[k]$). Then, in every (synchronous) round, each agent can revise…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-07-28 Luca Becchetti , Andrea Clementi , Emanuele Natale , Francesco Pasquale , Riccardo Silvestri , Luca Trevisan

Population protocols are a fundamental model in distributed computing, where many nodes with bounded memory and computational power have random pairwise interactions over time. This model has been studied in a rich body of literature aiming…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Simina Branzei , Yuval Peres

We present a tight analysis for the well-studied randomized 3-majority dynamics of stabilizing consensus, hence answering the main open question of Becchetti et al. [SODA'16]. Consider a distributed system of n nodes, each initially holding…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-05-17 Mohsen Ghaffari , Johannes Lengler

We consider distributed plurality consensus in a complete graph of size $n$ with $k$ initial opinions. We design an efficient and simple protocol in the asynchronous communication model that ensures that all nodes eventually agree on the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-23 Robert Elsässer , Tom Friedetzky , Dominik Kaaser , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Horst Trinker

We present a loosely-stabilizing phase clock for population protocols. In the population model we are given a system of $n$ identical agents which interact in a sequence of randomly chosen pairs. Our phase clock is leaderless and it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Petra Berenbrink , Felix Biermeier , Christopher Hahn , Dominik Kaaser

We study population protocols, a model of distributed computing appropriate for modeling well-mixed chemical reaction networks and other physical systems where agents exchange information in pairwise interactions, but have no control over…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-22 David Doty , Mahsa Eftekhari , Eric Severson

We study distributed plurality consensus among $n$ nodes, each of which initially holds one of $k$ opinions. The goal is to eventually agree on the initially dominant opinion. We consider an asynchronous communication model in which each…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Gregor Bankhamer , Robert Elsässer , Dominik Kaaser , Matjaž Krnc

We study the minority-opinion dynamics over a fully-connected network of $n$ nodes with binary opinions. Upon activation, a node receives a sample of opinions from a limited number of neighbors chosen uniformly at random. Each activated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Luca Becchetti , Andrea Clementi , Francesco Pasquale , Luca Trevisan , Robin Vacus , Isabella Ziccardi
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