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Detecting machine-generated text is essential for transparency and accountability when deploying large language models (LLMs). Among detection approaches, watermarking is a statistically reliable method by design -- it embeds detectable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Koshiro Saito , Ryuto Koike , Masahiro Kaneko , Naoaki Okazaki

Since ChatGPT was introduced in November 2022, embedding (nearly) unnoticeable statistical signals into text generated by large language models (LLMs), also known as watermarking, has been used as a principled approach to provable detection…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

The recent explosion of high-quality language models has necessitated new methods for identifying AI-generated text. Watermarking is a leading solution and could prove to be an essential tool in the age of generative AI. Existing approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Tal Malkin , Mariana Raykova

Amidst rising concerns about the internet being proliferated with content generated from language models (LMs), watermarking is seen as a principled way to certify whether text was generated from a model. Many recent watermarking techniques…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Saksham Rastogi , Danish Pruthi

The advancements in audio generative models have opened up new challenges in their responsible disclosure and the detection of their misuse. In response, we introduce a method to watermark latent generative models by a specific watermarking…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Robin San Roman , Pierre Fernandez , Antoine Deleforge , Yossi Adi , Romain Serizel

The rapid advancement of LLMs (Large Language Models) has established them as a foundational technology for many AI and ML-powered human computer interactions. A critical challenge in this context is the attribution of LLM-generated text --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jarosław Janas , Paweł Morawiecki , Josef Pieprzyk

Text watermarking for Large Language Models (LLMs) has made significant progress in detecting LLM outputs and preventing misuse. Current watermarking techniques offer high detectability, minimal impact on text quality, and robustness to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Aiwei Liu , Sheng Guan , Yiming Liu , Leyi Pan , Yifei Zhang , Liancheng Fang , Lijie Wen , Philip S. Yu , Xuming Hu

The growing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their misuse in generating harmful or deceptive content. To address this issue, watermarking methods have been proposed to embed identifiable multi-bit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, making watermarking a promising solution. Mainstream watermarking schemes for LLMs fall into two categories: logits-based and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Binxing Fang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating diverse and contextually rich text. However, concerns regarding copyright infringement arise as LLMs may inadvertently produce copyrighted material. In…

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for text generation, watermarking has become essential for authorship attribution, intellectual property protection, and misuse detection. While existing watermarking methods perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Amit Bin Tariqul , A N M Zahid Hossain Milkan , Sahab-Al-Chowdhury , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Large language models generate high-quality responses with potential misinformation, underscoring the need for regulation by distinguishing AI-generated and human-written texts. Watermarking is pivotal in this context, which involves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Mingjia Huo , Sai Ashish Somayajula , Youwei Liang , Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar , Pengtao Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be misused to spread unwanted content at scale. Content watermarking deters misuse by hiding messages in content, enabling its detection using a secret watermarking key. Robustness is a core security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Abdulrahman Diaa , Toluwani Aremu , Nils Lukas

Watermarking large language models (LLMs) is vital for preventing their misuse, including the fabrication of fake news, plagiarism, and spam. It is especially important to watermark LLM-generated code, as it often contains intellectual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Li Lin , Siyuan Xin , Yang Cao , Xiaochun Cao

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

As LLMs become commonplace, machine-generated text has the potential to flood the internet with spam, social media bots, and valueless content. Watermarking is a simple and effective strategy for mitigating such harms by enabling the…

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jie Ren , Han Xu , Yiding Liu , Yingqian Cui , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang