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Counterfactual inference is a powerful tool, capable of solving challenging problems in high-profile sectors. To perform counterfactual inference, one requires knowledge of the underlying causal mechanisms. However, causal mechanisms cannot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Athanasios Vlontzos , Bernhard Kainz , Ciaran M. Gilligan-Lee

Instruction tuning on a mixture of tasks has improved zero-shot capabilities in natural language processing (NLP). Nevertheless, existing methods often learn features that exhibit correlations between instruction-formatted samples and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Lu Chen , Wei Huang , Ruqing Zhang , Wei Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Models driven by spurious correlations often yield poor generalization performance. We propose the counterfactual (CF) alignment method to detect and quantify spurious correlations of black box classifiers. Our methodology is based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Joseph Paul Cohen , Louis Blankemeier , Akshay Chaudhari

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems hold great promise for advancing various scientific disciplines, and are increasingly used in real-world applications. Despite their remarkable progress, further capabilities are expected in order to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Drago Plecko , Patrik Okanovic , Shreyas Havaldar , Torsten Hoefler , Elias Bareinboim

Entity bias widely affects pretrained (large) language models, causing them to rely on (biased) parametric knowledge to make unfaithful predictions. Although causality-inspired methods have shown great potential to mitigate entity bias, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Fei Wang , Wenjie Mo , Yiwei Wang , Wenxuan Zhou , Muhao Chen

With the rise of Large Language Models(LLMs), it has become crucial to understand their capabilities and limitations in deciphering and explaining the complex web of causal relationships that language entails. Current methods use either…

Interpretability research on large language models (LLMs) has yielded important insights into model behaviour, yet recurring pitfalls persist: findings that do not generalise, and causal interpretations that outrun the evidence. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Shruti Joshi , Aaron Mueller , David Klindt , Wieland Brendel , Patrik Reizinger , Dhanya Sridhar

Let $M^3 \subset \mathbb{C}^2$ be a $\mathcal{C}^\omega$ Levi nondegenerate hypersurface. In the literature, Cartan-Moser chains are detected from rather advanced considerations: either from the construction of a Cartan connection…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2020-07-09 Joel Merker

Based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs), event coreference resolution (ECR) systems have demonstrated outstanding performance in clustering coreferential events across documents. However, the existing system exhibits an excessive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Bowen Ding , Qingkai Min , Shengkun Ma , Yingjie Li , Linyi Yang , Yue Zhang

Factual incorrectness in generated content is one of the primary concerns in ubiquitous deployment of large language models (LLMs). Prior findings suggest LLMs can (sometimes) detect factual incorrectness in their generated content (i.e.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Hovhannes Tamoyan , Subhabrata Dutta , Iryna Gurevych

Science and engineering problems fall in the category of complex conceptual problems that require specific conceptual information (CI) like math/logic -related know-how, process information, or engineering guidelines to solve them. Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Nishtha N. Vaidya , Thomas Runkler , Thomas Hubauer , Veronika Haderlein-Hoegberg , Maja Mlicic Brandt

Understanding predictions made by deep neural networks is notoriously difficult, but also crucial to their dissemination. As all machine learning based methods, they are as good as their training data, and can also capture unwanted biases.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Amir Feder , Nadav Oved , Uri Shalit , Roi Reichart

Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data for electrochemical systems often consists of defining an Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) using expert knowledge and then optimizing the model parameters to deconvolute various…

The ultraproduct construction is generalized to $p$-ultramean constructions ($1\leqslant p<\infty$) by replacing ultrafilters with finitely additive measures. These constructions correspond to the linear fragments $\mathscr L^p$ of…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-10-03 Seyed-Mohammad Bagheri

Causal artificial intelligence aims to enhance explainability, trustworthiness, and robustness in AI by leveraging structural causal models (SCMs). In this pursuit, recent advances formalize network sheaves and cosheaves of causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Gabriele D'Acunto , Paolo Di Lorenzo , Sergio Barbarossa

As machine learning models evolve, maintaining transparency demands more human-centric explainable AI techniques. Counterfactual explanations, with roots in human reasoning, identify the minimal input changes needed to obtain a given output…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Marharyta Domnich , Julius Välja , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Giacomo Magnifico , Kadi Tulver , Eduard Barbu , Raul Vicente

Uncertainty is critical to reliable decision-making with machine learning. Conformal prediction (CP) handles uncertainty by predicting a set on a test input, hoping the set to cover the true label with at least $(1-\alpha)$ confidence. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Rui Xu , Yue Sun , Chao Chen , Parv Venkitasubramaniam , Sihong Xie

We develop a novel identification strategy as well as a new estimator for context-dependent causal inference in non-parametric triangular models with non-separable disturbances. Departing from the common practice, our analysis does not rely…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-04-09 Nir Billfeld , Moshe Kim

Model interpretability has become an important problem in machine learning (ML) due to the increased effect that algorithmic decisions have on humans. Counterfactual explanations can help users understand not only why ML models make certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Ana Lucic , Harrie Oosterhuis , Hinda Haned , Maarten de Rijke

Inference of causal structures from observational data is a key component of causal machine learning; in practice, this data may be incompletely observed. Prior work has demonstrated that adversarial perturbations of completely observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Deniz Koyuncu , Alex Gittens , Bülent Yener , Moti Yung