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The success and wide adoption of generative AI (GenAI), particularly large language models (LLMs), has attracted the attention of cybercriminals seeking to abuse models, steal sensitive data, or disrupt services. Moreover, providing…

Over the past few years, providers such as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon have started to provide customers with access to software interfaces allowing them to easily embed machine learning tasks into their applications. Overall,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Emiliano De Cristofaro

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated advanced capabilities in both text generation and comprehension, and their application to data archives might facilitate the privatization of sensitive information about the data subjects. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Stefano Cirillo , Domenico Desiato , Giuseppe Polese , Monica Maria Lucia Sebillo , Giandomenico Solimando

Large multimodal language models have proven transformative in numerous applications. However, these models have been shown to memorize and leak pre-training data, raising serious user privacy and information security concerns. While data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Yang Chen , Ethan Mendes , Sauvik Das , Wei Xu , Alan Ritter

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains, traditional data privacy measures prove inadequate for protecting information that is implicit, contextual, or inferable - what we define as semantic privacy.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Baihe Ma , Yanna Jiang , Xu Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Qin Wang , Caijun Sun , Chen Li , Xuelei Qi , Ying He , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu

As large language models (LLMs) become progressively more embedded in clinical decision-support, documentation, and patient-information systems, ensuring their privacy and trustworthiness has emerged as an imperative challenge for the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Alexander Nemecek , Zebin Yun , Zahra Rahmani , Yaniv Harel , Vipin Chaudhary , Mahmood Sharif , Erman Ayday

Machine learning (ML) is increasingly being adopted in a wide variety of application domains. Usually, a well-performing ML model relies on a large volume of training data and high-powered computational resources. Such a need for and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Runhua Xu , Nathalie Baracaldo , James Joshi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP) by enabling robust text generation and understanding. However, their deployment in sensitive domains like healthcare, finance, and legal services raises…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Georgios Feretzakis , Vassilios S. Verykios

Fine-tuning unlocks large language models (LLMs) for specialized applications, but its high computational cost often puts it out of reach for resource-constrained organizations. While cloud platforms could provide the needed resources, data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zihan Liu , Yizhen Wang , Rui Wang , Xiu Tang , Sai Wu

The growing use of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) like OpenAI's GPT series, leads to disruptive changes across organizations. At the same time, there is a growing concern about…

Recent advances in neural network based language models lead to successful deployments of such models, improving user experience in various applications. It has been demonstrated that strong performance of language models comes along with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Huseyin A. Inan , Osman Ramadan , Lukas Wutschitz , Daniel Jones , Victor Rühle , James Withers , Robert Sim

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have exhibited extraordinary prowess in tasks like mathematics and coding, leveraging their advanced reasoning capabilities. Nevertheless, as these capabilities progress, significant concerns regarding their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Cheng Wang , Yue Liu , Baolong Bi , Duzhen Zhang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Yingwei Ma , Yufei He , Shengju Yu , Xinfeng Li , Junfeng Fang , Jiaheng Zhang , Bryan Hooi

The generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools based on Large Language Models (LLMs) use billions of parameters to extensively analyse large datasets and extract critical private information such as, context, specific details,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Imdad Ullah , Najm Hassan , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Basem Suleiman , Tariq Ahamed Ahanger , Zawar Shah , Junaid Qadir , Salil S. Kanhere

Sequence models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and autoregressive image generators, have a tendency to memorize and inadvertently leak sensitive information. While this tendency has critical legal implications, existing tools are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lorenzo Rossi , Michael Aerni , Jie Zhang , Florian Tramèr

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being adopted for tasks like drafting emails, summarizing meetings, and answering health questions. In these settings, users may need to share private information (e.g., contact details, health…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Xiaoyuan Wu , Roshni Kaushik , Wenkai Li , Lujo Bauer , Koichi Onoue

The proliferation of textual data containing sensitive personal information across various domains requires robust anonymization techniques to protect privacy and comply with regulations, while preserving data usability for diverse and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Tobias Deußer , Lorenz Sparrenberg , Armin Berger , Max Hahnbück , Christian Bauckhage , Rafet Sifa

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained considerable traction within the Software Engineering (SE) community, impacting various SE tasks from code completion to test generation, from program repair to code summarization. Despite their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-09 June Sallou , Thomas Durieux , Annibale Panichella

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved record adoption in a short period of time across many different sectors including high importance areas such as education [4] and healthcare [23]. LLMs are open-ended models trained on diverse data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Herve Debar , Sven Dietrich , Pavel Laskov , Emil C. Lupu , Eirini Ntoutsi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet they also exhibit memorization of their training data. This phenomenon raises critical questions about model behavior, privacy risks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Alexander Xiong , Xuandong Zhao , Aneesh Pappu , Dawn Song

The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the extremely high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Haomiao Yang , Kunlan Xiang , Mengyu Ge , Hongwei Li , Rongxing Lu , Shui Yu