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The widespread availability of complex time series data in various domains such as environmental science, epidemiology, and economics demands robust causal discovery methods that can identify intricate contemporaneous and lagged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Omar Faruque , Sahara Ali , Xue Zheng , Jianwu Wang

Causal representation learning is the task of identifying the underlying causal variables and their relations from high-dimensional observations, such as images. Recent work has shown that one can reconstruct the causal variables from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Phillip Lippe , Sara Magliacane , Sindy Löwe , Yuki M. Asano , Taco Cohen , Efstratios Gavves

Estimating an individual's counterfactual outcomes under interventions is a challenging task for traditional causal inference and supervised learning approaches when the outcome is high-dimensional (e.g. gene expressions, facial images) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Yulun Wu , Louie McConnell , Claudia Iriondo

Latent world models allow agents to reason about complex environments with high-dimensional observations. However, adapting to new environments and effectively leveraging previous knowledge remain significant challenges. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Anson Lei , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ingmar Posner

Electronic health records (EHRs) are usually highly dimensional, heterogeneous, and multimodal. Besides, the random recording of clinical variables results in high missing rates and uneven time intervals between adjacent records in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ningtao Liu , Ruoxi Gao , Jing Yuan , Calire Park , Shuwei Xing , Shuiping Gou

In some randomized clinical trials, patients may die before the measurements of their outcomes. Even though randomization generates comparable treatment and control groups, the remaining survivors often differ significantly in background…

Applications · Statistics 2018-03-07 Fan Yang , Peng Ding

In clinical trials, multiple outcomes of different priorities commonly occur as the patient's response may not be adequately characterized by a single outcome. Win statistics are appealing summary measures for between-group difference at…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-04 Ying Cui , Bo Huang , Gaohong Dong , Ryuji Uozumi , Lu Tian

Traditional mediation analysis typically examines the relations among an intervention, a time-invariant mediator, and a time-invariant outcome variable. Although there may be a direct effect of the intervention on the outcome, there is a…

Applications · Statistics 2020-08-28 Xizhen Cai , Donna L. Coffman , Megan E. Piper , Runze Li

Estimating individualized treatment effects from longitudinal observational data is central to data-driven medicine, yet existing methods face a fundamental limitation: reducing confounding bias often suppresses clinically informative…

Marginal structural models are a popular tool for investigating the effects of time-varying treatments, but they require an assumption of no unobserved confounders between the treatment and outcome. With observational data, this assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-10 Matthew Blackwell , Soichiro Yamauchi

In this study, we present a novel Survival Analysis algorithm designed to efficiently handle large-scale longitudinal data. Our approach draws inspiration from Reinforcement Learning principles, particularly the Deep Q-Network paradigm,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Mariana Vargas Vieyra , Pascal Frossard

To estimate the causal effect of treatments that vary over time from observational data, one must adjust for time-varying confounding. A common procedure to address confounding is the use of inverse probability of treatment weighting…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-22 Wouter M. R. Kant , Jesse H. Krijthe

Predicting clinical outcome is remarkably important but challenging. Research efforts have been paid on seeking significant biomarkers associated with the therapy response or/and patient survival. However, these biomarkers are generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Jiancheng Yang , Jiajun Chen , Kaiming Kuang , Tiancheng Lin , Junjun He , Bingbing Ni

Survival analysis has been developed and applied in the number of areas including manufacturing, finance, economics and healthcare. In healthcare domain, usually clinical data are high-dimensional, sparse and complex and sometimes there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Milad Zafar Nezhad , Najibesadat Sadati , Kai Yang , Dongxiao Zhu

Undertaking causal inference with observational data is incredibly useful across a wide range of tasks including the development of medical treatments, advertisements and marketing, and policy making. There are two significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-19 Matthew James Vowels , Necati Cihan Camgoz , Richard Bowden

This paper considers identification and estimation of causal effect parameters from participating in a binary treatment in a difference in differences (DID) setup when the parallel trends assumption holds after conditioning on observed…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-06-25 Carolina Caetano , Brantly Callaway , Stroud Payne , Hugo Sant'Anna Rodrigues

Predictive machine learning (ML) models are computational innovations that can enhance medical decision-making, including aiding in determining optimal timing for discharging patients. However, societal biases can be encoded into such…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Ugur Kursuncu , Aaron Baird , Yusen Xia

Learning the dynamic causal structure of time series is a challenging problem. Most existing approaches rely on distributional or structural invariance to uncover underlying causal dynamics, assuming stationary or partially stationary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Dezhi Yang , Qiaoyu Tan , Carlotta Domeniconi , Jun Wang , Lizhen Cui , Guoxian Yu

Causal inference methods are widely applied in various decision-making domains such as precision medicine, optimal policy and economics. Central to causal inference is the treatment effect estimation of intervention strategies, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Tri Dung Duong , Qian Li , Guandong Xu

Time-to-event prediction, e.g. cancer survival analysis or hospital length of stay, is a highly prominent machine learning task in medical and healthcare applications. However, only a few interpretable machine learning methods comply with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hubert Baniecki , Bartlomiej Sobieski , Patryk Szatkowski , Przemyslaw Bombinski , Przemyslaw Biecek