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Large Language Models (LLMs) are being integrated into professional domains, yet their limitations in such high-stakes fields as law remain poorly understood. In response, this paper introduces examples of critical challenges to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Eljas Linna , Tuula Linna

Large language models excel on static benchmarks, but their ability as self-learning agents in dynamic environments remains unclear. We evaluate three prompting strategies: self-reflection, heuristic mutation, and planning across dynamic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Annie Wong , Thomas Bäck , Aske Plaat , Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova

Traditional evaluations of reasoning capabilities of language models are dominated by adult-centric benchmarks that presuppose broad world knowledge, complex instruction following, and mature pragmatic competence. These assumptions are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Kaustubh D. Dhole

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown great potential in perception and interpretation tasks, but their capabilities in predictive reasoning remain under-explored. To address this gap, we introduce a novel benchmark that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Mingwei Zhu , Leigang Sha , Yu Shu , Kangjia Zhao , Tiancheng Zhao , Jianwei Yin

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

While recent studies have looked into the abilities of large language models in various benchmark tasks, including question generation, reading comprehension, multilingual and etc, there have been few studies looking into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiao Sun , Yufei Tian , Wangchunshu Zhou , Nan Xu , Qian Hu , Rahul Gupta , John Frederick Wieting , Nanyun Peng , Xuezhe Ma

Numerous benchmarks aim to evaluate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for causal inference and reasoning. However, many of them can likely be solved through the retrieval of domain knowledge, questioning whether they achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Linying Yang , Vik Shirvaikar , Oscar Clivio , Fabian Falck

While existing benchmarks probe the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) across diverse domains, they predominantly assess passive reasoning, providing models with all the information needed to reach a solution. By contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Zhanke Zhou , Xiao Feng , Zhaocheng Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Sanmi Koyejo , Bo Han

In recent years, with the rapid development of the depth and breadth of large language models' capabilities, various corresponding evaluation benchmarks have been emerging in increasing numbers. As a quantitative assessment tool for model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Shiwen Ni , Guhong Chen , Shuaimin Li , Xuanang Chen , Siyi Li , Bingli Wang , Qiyao Wang , Xingjian Wang , Yifan Zhang , Liyang Fan , Chengming Li , Ruifeng Xu , Le Sun , Min Yang

Unified multimodal models integrate the reasoning capacity of large language models with both image understanding and generation, showing great promise for advanced multimodal intelligence. However, the community still lacks a rigorous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hongxiang Li , Yaowei Li , Bin Lin , Yuwei Niu , Yuhang Yang , Xiaoshuang Huang , Jiayin Cai , Xiaolong Jiang , Yao Hu , Long Chen

Reasoning has emerged as the next major frontier for language models (LMs), with rapid advances from both academic and industrial labs. However, this progress often outpaces methodological rigor, with many evaluations relying on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Andreas Hochlehnert , Hardik Bhatnagar , Vishaal Udandarao , Samuel Albanie , Ameya Prabhu , Matthias Bethge

Despite the remarkable advancements and widespread applications of deep neural networks, their ability to perform reasoning tasks remains limited, particularly in domains requiring structured, abstract thought. In this paper, we investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Satyam Goyal , Soham Dan

The rapid evolution of code largelanguage models underscores the need for effective and transparent benchmarking of their reasoning capabilities. However, the current benchmarking approach heavily depends on publicly available,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Simin Chen , Pranav Pusarla , Baishakhi Ray

While logical reasoning evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted significant attention, existing benchmarks predominantly rely on multiple-choice formats that are vulnerable to random guessing, leading to overestimated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Qin Zhu , Fei Huang , Runyu Peng , Keming Lu , Bowen Yu , Qinyuan Cheng , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang , Junyang Lin

Graph Retrieval Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has garnered increasing recognition for its potential to enhance large language models (LLMs) by structurally organizing domain-specific corpora and facilitating complex reasoning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yilin Xiao , Junnan Dong , Chuang Zhou , Su Dong , Qian-wen Zhang , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Xiao Huang

Generative language models (LMs) are increasingly used for document class-prediction tasks and promise enormous improvements in cost and efficiency. Existing research often examines simple classification tasks, but the capability of LMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Rosamond Thalken , Edward H. Stiglitz , David Mimno , Matthew Wilkens

Powerful generative models have led to recent progress in question generation (QG). However, it is difficult to measure advances in QG research since there are no standardized resources that allow a uniform comparison among approaches. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Asahi Ushio , Fernando Alva-Manchego , Jose Camacho-Collados

With the advancement of powerful large-scale reasoning models, effectively evaluating the reasoning capabilities of these models has become increasingly important. However, existing benchmarks designed to assess the reasoning abilities of…

In high-stakes domains like legal question-answering, the accuracy and trustworthiness of generative AI systems are of paramount importance. This work presents a comprehensive benchmark of various methods to assess the groundedness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Dietrich Trautmann , Natalia Ostapuk , Quentin Grail , Adrian Alan Pol , Guglielmo Bonifazi , Shang Gao , Martin Gajek

Reasoning, a crucial ability for complex problem-solving, plays a pivotal role in various real-world settings such as negotiation, medical diagnosis, and criminal investigation. It serves as a fundamental methodology in the field of…

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