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Language models can be used to solve long-horizon planning problems in two distinct modes: a fast 'System-1' mode, directly generating plans without any explicit search or backtracking, and a slow 'System-2' mode, planning step-by-step by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Swarnadeep Saha , Archiki Prasad , Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Peter Hase , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Generative large language models (LLMs) with instruct training such as GPT-4 can follow human-provided instruction prompts and generate human-like responses to these prompts. Apart from natural language responses, they have also been found…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Sumit Kumar Jha , Susmit Jha , Patrick Lincoln , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Alvaro Velasquez , Rickard Ewetz , Sandeep Neema

Accurate uncertainty quantification is crucial for the safe deployment of machine learning models, and prior research has demonstrated improvements in the calibration of modern language models (LMs). We study in-context learning (ICL), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Hanlin Zhang , Yi-Fan Zhang , Yaodong Yu , Dhruv Madeka , Dean Foster , Eric Xing , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Sham Kakade

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving capabilities but may struggle with complex reasoning and factual correctness. Existing methods harness the strengths of chain-of-thought and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Xingxuan Li , Weiwen Xu , Ruochen Zhao , Fangkai Jiao , Shafiq Joty , Lidong Bing

There has been considerable divergence of opinion on the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). While the initial optimism that reasoning might emerge automatically with scale has been tempered thanks to a slew of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Kaya Stechly , Karthik Valmeekam , Subbarao Kambhampati

Large language models (LLMs) achieve astonishing results on a wide range of tasks. However, their formal reasoning ability still lags behind. A promising approach is Neurosymbolic LLM reasoning. It works by using LLMs as translators from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Alexander Beiser , David Penz , Nysret Musliu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various basic natural language tasks. For completing the complex task, we still need a plan for the task to guide LLMs to generate the specific solutions step by step. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yiduo Guo , Yaobo Liang , Chenfei Wu , Wenshan Wu , Dongyan Zhao , Nan Duan

Fact-seeking question answering with large language models (LLMs) remains unreliable when answers depend on up-to-date or conflicting information. Although retrieval-augmented and tool-using LLMs reduce hallucinations, they often rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Auksarapak Kietkajornrit , Jad Tarifi , Nima Asgharbeygi

We present the LLM Economist, a novel framework that uses agent-based modeling to design and assess economic policies in strategic environments with hierarchical decision-making. At the lower level, bounded rational worker agents --…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Seth Karten , Wenzhe Li , Zihan Ding , Samuel Kleiner , Yu Bai , Chi Jin

There have been widespread claims about Large Language Models (LLMs) being able to successfully verify or self-critique their candidate solutions in reasoning problems in an iterative mode. Intrigued by those claims, in this paper we set…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Karthik Valmeekam , Matthew Marquez , Subbarao Kambhampati

The extent to which decoder-only language models (LMs) engage in planning, that is, organizing intermediate computations to support coherent long-range generation, remains an important question, with implications for interpretability,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Muhammed Ustaomeroglu , Baris Askin , Gauri Joshi , Carlee Joe-Wong , Guannan Qu

Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted considerable interest for their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, such as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, most of the existing approaches to enhance this ability rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Xinyi Wang , Lucas Caccia , Oleksiy Ostapenko , Xingdi Yuan , William Yang Wang , Alessandro Sordoni

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable abilities in reasoning and planning by breaking down complex problems into sequential steps. Despite their success in various domains like mathematical problem-solving and coding, LLMs face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Chang Ma , Haiteng Zhao , Junlei Zhang , Junxian He , Lingpeng Kong

Reasoning and strategic behavior in social interactions is a hallmark of intelligence. This form of reasoning is significantly more sophisticated than isolated planning or reasoning tasks in static settings (e.g., math problem solving). In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jianzhu Yao , Kevin Wang , Ryan Hsieh , Haisu Zhou , Tianqing Zou , Zerui Cheng , Zhangyang Wang , Pramod Viswanath

While Large Language Models (LLMs) provide semantic flexibility for robotic task planning, their susceptibility to hallucination and logical inconsistency limits their reliability in long-horizon domains. To bridge the gap between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Keru Hua , Ding Wang , Yaoying Gu , Xiaoguang Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown great promise in planning and reasoning applications. These tasks demand robust systems, which arguably require a causal understanding of the environment. While LLMs can acquire and reflect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 John Gkountouras , Matthias Lindemann , Phillip Lippe , Efstratios Gavves , Ivan Titov

With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), generating rule-based data for real-world applications has become more accessible. Due to the inherent ambiguity of natural language and the complexity of rule sets, especially in long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Teng Wang , Zhenqi He , Wing-Yin Yu , Xiaojin Fu , Xiongwei Han

Classical and natural language planning tasks remain a difficult domain for modern large language models (LLMs). In this work, we lay the foundations for improving planning capabilities of LLMs. First, we construct a comprehensive benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Bernd Bohnet , Azade Nova , Aaron T Parisi , Kevin Swersky , Katayoon Goshvadi , Hanjun Dai , Dale Schuurmans , Noah Fiedel , Hanie Sedghi

Complex problem-solving requires cognitive flexibility--the capacity to entertain multiple perspectives while preserving their distinctiveness. This flexibility replicates the "wisdom of crowds" within a single individual, allowing them to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Sanghyun Park , Boris Maciejovsky , Phanish Puranam

A critical factor in the success of decision support systems is the accurate modeling of user preferences. Psychology research has demonstrated that users often develop their preferences during the elicitation process, highlighting the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Connor Lawless , Jakob Schoeffer , Lindy Le , Kael Rowan , Shilad Sen , Cristina St. Hill , Jina Suh , Bahareh Sarrafzadeh