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Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring is one of the most promising tools we have for detecting model misbehavior, but its effectiveness depends on models faithfully externalizing their reasoning. Motivated by this vulnerability, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Reilly Haskins , Bilal Chughtai , Joshua Engels

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked concerns over their potential to acquire and misuse dangerous or high-risk capabilities, posing frontier risks. Current safety evaluations primarily test for what a model…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Udari Madhushani Sehwag , Shayan Shabihi , Alex McAvoy , Vikash Sehwag , Yuancheng Xu , Dalton Towers , Furong Huang

The most advanced future AI systems will first be deployed inside the frontier AI companies developing them. According to these companies and independent experts, AI systems may reach or even surpass human intelligence and capabilities by…

Humans rapidly learn abstract knowledge when encountering novel environments and flexibly deploy this knowledge to guide efficient and intelligent action. Can modern AI systems learn and plan in a similar way? We study this question using a…

Monitoring chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning is a foundational safety technique for large language model (LLM) agents; however, this oversight is compromised if models learn to conceal their reasoning. We explore the potential for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Artem Karpov

Reasoning, a crucial ability for complex problem-solving, plays a pivotal role in various real-world settings such as negotiation, medical diagnosis, and criminal investigation. It serves as a fundamental methodology in the field of…

Real-world settings where language models (LMs) are deployed -- in domains spanning healthcare, finance, and other forms of knowledge work -- require models to grapple with incomplete information and reason under uncertainty. Yet most LM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Alana Renda , Jillian Ross , Michael Cafarella , Jacob Andreas

Reasoning-based language models have demonstrated strong performance across various domains, with the most notable gains seen in mathematical and coding tasks. Recent research has shown that reasoning also offers significant benefits for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar , Traian Rebedea , Christopher Parisien

Current approaches to AI safety define red lines at the case level: specific prompts, specific outputs, specific harms. This paper argues that red lines can be set more fundamentally -- at the level of value, evidence, and source…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Seulki Lee

Frontier language models sometimes recognize that they are being evaluated and adjust their behavior, undermining validity of benchmark results. Yet the field studies it without a shared foundation, conflating properties of the evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Changling Li , Terry Jingchen Zhang , Jie Zhang , Zhijing Jin , Sahar Abdelnabi , Maksym Andriushchenko

Frontier AI systems are making transformative impacts across society, but such benefits are not without costs: models trained on web-scale datasets containing personal and private data raise profound concerns about data privacy and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Sunny Duan , Mikail Khona , Abhiram Iyer , Rylan Schaeffer , Ila R Fiete

Frontier AI regulations primarily focus on systems deployed to external users, where deployment is more visible and subject to outside scrutiny. However, high-stakes applications can occur internally when companies deploy highly capable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Joe Kwon , Stephen Casper

Large language model (LLM)-based conversational AI systems present a challenge to human cognition that current frameworks for understanding misinformation and persuasion do not adequately address. This paper proposes that a significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Andrew D. Maynard

Frontier AI developers operate at the intersection of rapid technical progress, extreme risk exposure, and growing regulatory scrutiny. While a range of external evaluations and safety frameworks have emerged, comparatively little attention…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Francesca Gomez , Adam Buick , Leah Ferentinos , Haelee Kim , Elley Lee

A common problem for agents operating in real-world environments is that the response of an environment to their actions may be non-deterministic and observed through noise. This renders environmental state and progress towards completing a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-21 William E Bishop , Alice Li , Christopher Rawles , Oriana Riva

Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring is proposed as a method for overseeing the internal reasoning of language-model agents. Prior work has shown that when models are explicitly informed that their reasoning is being monitored, or are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Thomas Jiralerspong , Flemming Kondrup , Yoshua Bengio

Institutional decisions -- regulatory compliance, clinical triage, prior authorization appeal -- require a different AI architecture than general-purpose agents provide. Agent frameworks infer authority conversationally, reconstruct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mamadou Seck

Reasoning is not just about solving problems -- it is also about evaluating which problems are worth solving at all. Evaluations of artificial intelligence (AI) systems primarily focused on problem solving, historically by studying how…

As AI systems become more advanced, companies and regulators will make difficult decisions about whether it is safe to train and deploy them. To prepare for these decisions, we investigate how developers could make a 'safety case,' which is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Joshua Clymer , Nick Gabrieli , David Krueger , Thomas Larsen

AI evaluations are an important component of the AI governance toolkit, underlying current approaches to safety cases for preventing catastrophic risks. Our paper examines what these evaluations can and cannot tell us. Evaluations can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Peter Barnett , Lisa Thiergart