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Reinforcement finetuning (RFT) has shown great potential for enhancing the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but it is often sample- and compute-inefficient, requiring extensive training. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Taiwei Shi , Yiyang Wu , Linxin Song , Tianyi Zhou , Jieyu Zhao

The drafting of documents in the procurement field has progressively become more complex and diverse, driven by the need to meet legal requirements, adapt to technological advancements, and address stakeholder demands. While large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yilong Zhao , Daifeng Li

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a common method to enhance the tool calling capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), with the training data often being synthesized. The current data synthesis process generally involves sampling a set…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zezhong Wang , Xingshan Zeng , Weiwen Liu , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , Kam-Fai Wong

Despite recent advances, Large Language Models (LLMs) still generate vulnerable code. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has the potential to enhance LLMs for secure code generation by incorporating external security knowledge. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jiahao Shi , Tianyi Zhang

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique used to augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with contextually relevant, time-critical, or domain-specific information without altering the underlying model parameters. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Laurent Mombaerts , Terry Ding , Adi Banerjee , Florian Felice , Jonathan Taws , Tarik Borogovac

In an era of radical technology transformations, technology maps play a crucial role in enhancing decision making. These maps heavily rely on automated methods of technology extraction. This paper introduces Retrieval Augmented Technology…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Karan Mirhosseini , Arya Aftab , Alireza Sheikh

Scaling data and model size has been proven effective for boosting the performance of large language models. In addition to training-time scaling, recent studies have revealed that increasing test-time computational resources can further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yafu Li , Zhilin Wang , Tingchen Fu , Ganqu Cui , Sen Yang , Yu Cheng

Given the growing trend of many organizations integrating Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) into their operations, we assess RAG on domain-specific data and test state-of-the-art models across various optimization techniques. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Anum Afzal , Juraj Vladika , Gentrit Fazlija , Andrei Staradubets , Florian Matthes

The Retrieval-Augmented Language Model (RALM) has shown remarkable performance on knowledge-intensive tasks by incorporating external knowledge during inference, which mitigates the factual hallucinations inherited in large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Yuan Xia , Jingbo Zhou , Zhenhui Shi , Jun Chen , Haifeng Huang

Recent studies show that large language models (LLMs) struggle with technical standards in telecommunications. We propose a fine-tuned retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system based on the Phi-2 small language model (SLM) to serve as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Omar Erak , Nouf Alabbasi , Omar Alhussein , Ismail Lotfi , Amr Hussein , Sami Muhaidat , Merouane Debbah

Despite its substantial impact on various search, recommendation, and question answering tasks, privacy-preserving methods for personalizing large language models (LLMs) have received relatively limited exploration. There is one primary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Alireza Salemi , Hamed Zamani

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating accurate responses relies heavily on the quality of input provided, particularly when employing Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques. RAG enhances LLMs by sourcing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Spurthi Setty , Harsh Thakkar , Alyssa Lee , Eden Chung , Natan Vidra

In this paper, we introduce Technical-Embeddings, a novel framework designed to optimize semantic retrieval in technical documentation, with applications in both hardware and software development. Our approach addresses the challenges of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Songjiang Lai , Tsun-Hin Cheung , Ka-Chun Fung , Kaiwen Xue , Kwan-Ho Lin , Yan-Ming Choi , Vincent Ng , Kin-Man Lam

Current state-of-the-art large language models are effective in generating high-quality text and encapsulating a broad spectrum of world knowledge. These models, however, often hallucinate and lack locally relevant factual data.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Anton Shapkin , Denis Litvinov , Yaroslav Zharov , Egor Bogomolov , Timur Galimzyanov , Timofey Bryksin

Automated unit test generation has been widely studied, with Large Language Models (LLMs) recently showing significant potential. Moreover, in the context of unit test generation, these tools prioritize high code coverage, often at the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Zhe Zhang , Xingyu Liu , Yuanzhang Lin , Xiang Gao , Hailong Sun , Yuan Yuan

This paper focuses on the dynamic optimization of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture. It proposes a state-aware dynamic knowledge retrieval mechanism to enhance semantic understanding and knowledge scheduling efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jacky He , Guiran Liu , Binrong Zhu , Hanlu Zhang , Hongye Zheng , Xiaokai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Gemma-2B have shown strong performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, general-purpose models often lack the domain expertise required for cybersecurity applications. This work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Vasanth Iyer , Leonardo Bobadilla , S. S. Iyengar

Short answer assessment is a vital component of science education, allowing evaluation of students' complex three-dimensional understanding. Large language models (LLMs) that possess human-like ability in linguistic tasks are increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yucheng Chu , Peng He , Hang Li , Haoyu Han , Kaiqi Yang , Yu Xue , Tingting Li , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

The massive scale of modern AI accelerators presents critical challenges to traditional fault assessment methodologies, which face prohibitive computational costs and provide poor coverage of critical failure modes. This paper introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Khurram Khalil , Muhammad Mahad Khaliq , Khaza Anuarul Hoque

Large language models (LLMs) are effective for automated program repair, but plausible patches that pass the full test suite often rewrite more code than necessary, increasing review and maintenance costs. This over-editing is common…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Boyang Yang , Zijian Cai , Shunfu Jin , Haoye Tian