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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm intending to find the ground state of a target Hamiltonian. Theoretically, QAOA can obtain the approximate solution if the quantum circuit is deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Yahui Chai , Yong-Jian Han , Yu-Chun Wu , Ye Li , Menghan Dou , Guo-Ping Guo

The recently proposed QAOA-GPT framework demonstrated that generative pre-trained transformers can learn mappings between problem graphs and optimized quantum circuits for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). In this work,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Leanto Sunny , Abhinav Rijal , George Siopsis

Solving combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) is a promising application of quantum computation, with the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) being one of the most studied quantum algorithms for solving them. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 J. A. Montanez-Barrera , Dennis Willsch , Kristel Michielsen

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs), such as the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), offer a promising route to tackling combinatorial optimization problems on near and intermediate-term quantum devices. However, their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Dhanvi Bharadwaj , Yuewen Hou , Guang-Yi Li , Gokul Subramanian Ravi

Digital simulation of quantum dynamics by evaluating the time evolution of a Hamiltonian is the initially proposed application of quantum computing. The large number of quantum gates required for emulating the complete second quantization…

Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms can help mitigating the physical limitations of current quantum devices, particularly the low qubit count and the reduced topological connectivity. In this paper, we propose a hybrid technique to solve a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Siwei Hu , Victor Lopata , Salvatore Sinno , Shruthi Thuravakkath , Paolo Zuliani

We comparatively study, through large-scale numerical simulation, the performance across a large set of Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) implementations for finding approximate and optimum solutions to unconstrained combinatorial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 John Golden , Andreas Bärtschi , Daniel O'Malley , Stephan Eidenbenz

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a leading candidate for near-term quantum advantage, yet its practical impact is hindered by limited performance on symmetric local Hamiltonians and the costly optimisation of…

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is among the most famous NP-hard optimization problems. We design for this problem a randomized polynomial-time algorithm that computes a (1+eps)-approximation to the optimal tour, for any fixed eps>0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Yair Bartal , Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

We present a framework for efficiently solving Approximate Traveling Salesman Problem (Approximate TSP) for Quantum Computing Models. Existing representations of TSP introduce extra states which do not correspond to any permutation. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Debabrata Goswami , Harish Karnick , Prateek Jain , Hemanta K. Maji

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

We develop a framework for warm-starting Bayesian optimization, that reduces the solution time required to solve an optimization problem that is one in a sequence of related problems. This is useful when optimizing the output of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-08-12 Matthias Poloczek , Jialei Wang , Peter I. Frazier

The quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm used to approximately solve combinatorial optimisation problems. It involves multiple iterations of a parameterised ansatz comprising a problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 V. Vijendran , Aritra Das , Dax Enshan Koh , Syed M. Assad , Ping Koy Lam

The Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading hybrid classical-quantum algorithm for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems. QAOA-in-QAOA (QAOA^2) uses a divide-and-conquer heuristic to solve large-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Aniello Esposito , Tamuz Danzig

Meta-heuristics are frequently used to tackle NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. With this paper we contribute to the understanding of the success of 2-opt based local search algorithms for solving the traveling salesman problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-08-14 Olaf Mersmann , Bernd Bischl , Heike Trautmann , Markus Wagner , Frank Neumann

Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has attracted much attention as an algorithm that has the potential to efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems. Among them, a fermionic QAOA (FQAOA) for solving constrained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Takuya Yoshioka , Keita Sasada , Yuichiro Nakano , Keisuke Fujii

In the era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers it is crucial to design quantum algorithms which do not require many qubits or deep circuits. Unfortunately, the most well-known quantum algorithms are too demanding to be run…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-17 Adam Glos , Aleksandra Krawiec , Zoltán Zimborás

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising approach for programming a near-term gate-based hybrid quantum computer to find good approximate solutions of hard combinatorial problems. However, little is currently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-21 Gavin E. Crooks

Combinatorial optimization with a smooth and convex objective function arises naturally in applications such as discrete mean-variance portfolio optimization, where assets must be traded in integer quantities. Although optimal solutions to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Sebastian Schlütter , Tomislav Maras , Alexander Dotterweich , Nico Piatkowski

The variational preparation of complex quantum states using the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is of fundamental interest, and becomes a promising application of quantum computers. Here, we systematically study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Zheng-Hang Sun , Yong-Yi Wang , Jian Cui , Heng Fan