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Test-time augmentation (TTA) has become a promising approach for mitigating data sparsity in sequential recommendation by improving inference accuracy without requiring costly model retraining. However, existing TTA methods typically rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xibo Li , Liang Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt models to maintain reliable performance on non-stationary test streams without requiring labeled data. Despite its empirical success, the learnability of TTA under non-stationary streams remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhi Zhou , Ming Yang , Shi-Yu Tian , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has gained increasing popularity due to its efficacy in addressing ``distribution shift'' issue while simultaneously protecting data privacy. However, most prior methods assume that a paired source domain model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Aiming Zhang , Tianyuan Yu , Liang Bai , Jun Tang , Yanming Guo , Yirun Ruan , Yun Zhou , Zhihe Lu

Multi-modal test-time adaptation (MM-TTA) adapts models to an unlabeled target domain by leveraging the complementary multi-modal inputs in an online manner. While previous MM-TTA methods for 3D segmentation offer a promising solution by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Haozhi Cao , Yuecong Xu , Pengyu Yin , Xingyu Ji , Shenghai Yuan , Jianfei Yang , Lihua Xie

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a model, initially trained on training data, to test data with potential distribution shifts. Most existing TTA methods focus on classification problems. The pronounced success of classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chang'an Yi , Haotian Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yonghui Xu , Yan Zhou , Lizhen Cui

Deploying foundational medical Segment Anything Models (SAMs) via test-time adaptation (TTA) is challenging under large distribution shifts, where test-time supervision is often unreliable. While active test-time adaptation (ATTA)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jiayi Chen , Yasmeen George , Winston Chong , Jianfei Cai

Multi-source Domain Adaptation (MDA) seeks to adapt models trained on data from multiple labeled source domains to perform effectively on an unlabeled target domain data, assuming access to sources data. To address the challenges of model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Omar Ghannou , Younès Bennani

Vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit remarkable zero-shot capabilities but struggle with distribution shifts in downstream tasks when labeled data is unavailable, which has motivated the development of Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) to improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yiwen Liang , Hui Chen , Yizhe Xiong , Zihan Zhou , Mengyao Lyu , Zijia Lin , Shuaicheng Niu , Sicheng Zhao , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Recent video reasoning models have shown strong results on temporal and multimodal understanding, yet they depend on large-scale supervised data and multi-stage training pipelines, making them costly to train and difficult to adapt to new…

Deep Learning-based end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has made significant strides but still struggles with performance on out-of-domain samples due to domain shifts in real-world scenarios. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-04 Guan-Ting Lin , Wei-Ping Huang , Hung-yi Lee

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) has emerged as a key solution in data-driven fault diagnosis, addressing domain shift where models underperform in changing environments. However, under the realm of continually changing environments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Edward , Mohamed Ragab , Yuecong Xu , Min Wu , Yuecong Xu , Zhenghua Chen , Abdulla Alseiari , Xiaoli Li

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods improve the robustness of deep neural networks to domain shift on a variety of tasks such as image classification or segmentation. This work explores adapting segmentation models to a single unlabelled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Klara Janouskova , Tamir Shor , Chaim Baskin , Jiri Matas

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), objects connect through a dynamic network, empowered by technologies like 5G, enabling real-time data sharing. However, smart objects, notably autonomous vehicles, face challenges in critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Benoît Gérin , Anaïs Halin , Anthony Cioppa , Maxim Henry , Bernard Ghanem , Benoît Macq , Christophe De Vleeschouwer , Marc Van Droogenbroeck

Online Test-Time Adaptation (OTTA) enhances model robustness by updating pre-trained models with unlabeled data during testing. In healthcare, OTTA is vital for real-time tasks like predicting blood pressure from biosignals, which demand…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Yong-Yeon Jo , Byeong Tak Lee , Beom Joon Kim , Jeong-Ho Hong , Hak Seung Lee , Joon-myoung Kwon

Test-time adaptation harnesses test inputs to improve the accuracy of a model trained on source data when tested on shifted target data. Existing methods update the source model by (re-)training on each target domain. While effective,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Jin Gao , Jialing Zhang , Xihui Liu , Trevor Darrell , Evan Shelhamer , Dequan Wang

On-device training is an emerging approach in machine learning where models are trained on edge devices, aiming to enhance privacy protection and real-time performance. However, edge devices typically possess restricted computational power…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Ziyu Lin , Enzo Tartaglione , Van-Tam Nguyen

Deep learning models often struggle with generalization when deploying on real-world data, due to the common distributional shift to the training data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging scheme used at inference time to address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Mingxi Lei , Chunwei Ma , Meng Ding , Yufan Zhou , Ziyun Huang , Jinhui Xu

Despite recent advancements in deep learning, deep neural networks continue to suffer from performance degradation when applied to new data that differs from training data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address this challenge by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Sanghun Jung , Jungsoo Lee , Nanhee Kim , Amirreza Shaban , Byron Boots , Jaegul Choo

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to quickly fine-tune the model during the test phase so that it can adapt to multiple unknown downstream domain distributions without pre-acquiring downstream domain data. To this end, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jiahuan Zhou , Chao Zhu , Zhenyu Cui , Zichen Liu , Xu Zou , Gang Hua

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) has been a vital protocol for migrating information learned from a labeled source domain to facilitate the implementation in an unlabeled heterogeneous target domain. Although UDA is typically jointly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Xiaofeng Liu , Fangxu Xing , Georges El Fakhri , Jonghye Woo