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The vulnerability of neural networks to adversarial perturbations has necessitated formal verification techniques that can rigorously certify the quality of neural networks. As the state-of-the-art, branch and bound (BaB) is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Guanqin Zhang , Kota Fukuda , Zhenya Zhang , H. M. N. Dilum Bandara , Shiping Chen , Jianjun Zhao , Yulei Sui

The success of Deep Learning and its potential use in many safety-critical applications has motivated research on formal verification of Neural Network (NN) models. In this context, verification involves proving or disproving that an NN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Rudy Bunel , Jingyue Lu , Ilker Turkaslan , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli , M. Pawan Kumar

Many available formal verification methods have been shown to be instances of a unified Branch-and-Bound (BaB) formulation. We propose a novel machine learning framework that can be used for designing an effective branching strategy as well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Florian Jaeckle , Jingyue Lu , M. Pawan Kumar

Branch-and-bound (BaB) is among the most effective techniques for neural network (NN) verification. However, existing works on BaB for NN verification have mostly focused on NNs with piecewise linear activations, especially ReLU networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhouxing Shi , Qirui Jin , Zico Kolter , Suman Jana , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Huan Zhang

We improve the scalability of Branch and Bound (BaB) algorithms for formally proving input-output properties of neural networks. First, we propose novel bounding algorithms based on Lagrangian Decomposition. Previous works have used…

Formal verification of neural networks is essential for their deployment in safety-critical areas. Many available formal verification methods have been shown to be instances of a unified Branch and Bound (BaB) formulation. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Jingyue Lu , M. Pawan Kumar

State-of-the-art neural network (NN) verifiers demonstrate that applying the branch-and-bound (BaB) procedure with fast bounding techniques plays a key role in tackling many challenging verification properties. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Duo Zhou , Jorge Chavez , Hesun Chen , Grani A. Hanasusanto , Huan Zhang

Branch-and-bound with preactivation splitting has been shown highly effective for deterministic verification of neural networks. In this paper, we extend this framework to the probabilistic setting. We propose BaB-prob that iteratively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Fangji Wang , Panagiotis Tsiotras

Neural networks achieve strong empirical performance, but robustness concerns still hinder deployment in safety-critical applications. Formal verification provides robustness guarantees, but current methods face a scalability-completeness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Wenting Li , Saif R. Kazi , Russell Bent , Duo Zhou , Huan Zhang

State-of-the-art neural network verifiers are fundamentally based on one of two paradigms: either encoding the whole verification problem via tight multi-neuron convex relaxations or applying a Branch-and-Bound (BaB) procedure leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Claudio Ferrari , Mark Niklas Muller , Nikola Jovanovic , Martin Vechev

Formal verification of neural networks (NNs) is a challenging and important problem. Existing efficient complete solvers typically require the branch-and-bound (BaB) process, which splits the problem domain into sub-domains and solves each…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Kaidi Xu , Huan Zhang , Shiqi Wang , Yihan Wang , Suman Jana , Xue Lin , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Deep Neural Networks demonstrate exceptional performance but remain vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, necessitating formal verification for safety-critical deployment. To address the computational complexity of this task, researchers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jingyang Li , Fu Song , Guoqiang Li

Convolutional neural networks have gained vast popularity due to their excellent performance in the fields of computer vision, image processing, and others. Unfortunately, it is now well known that convolutional networks often produce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Matan Ostrovsky , Clark Barrett , Guy Katz

This paper investigates the a-posteriori analysis of Branch-and-Bound~(BB) trees to extract structural information about the feasible region of mixed-binary linear programs. We introduce three novel outer approximations of the feasible…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Marius Roland , Nagisa Sugishita , Alexandre Forel , Youssouf Emine , Ricardo Fukasawa , Thibaut Vidal

As a new programming paradigm, deep neural networks (DNNs) have been increasingly deployed in practice, but the lack of robustness hinders their applications in safety-critical domains. While there are techniques for verifying DNNs with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Jiaxiang Liu , Yunhan Xing , Xiaomu Shi , Fu Song , Zhiwu Xu , Zhong Ming

Neural networks have emerged as essential components in safety-critical applications -- these use cases demand complex, yet trustworthy computations. Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) are a type of neural network where each neuron is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiong Yang , Yong Kiam Tan , Mate Soos , Magnus O. Myreen , Kuldeep S. Meel

Although neural networks are widely used, it remains challenging to formally verify the safety and robustness of neural networks in real-world applications. Existing methods are designed to verify the network before deployment, which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Tianhao Wei , Changliu Liu

Various networks are broadly and deeply applied in real-life applications. Reliability is the most important index for measuring the performance of all network types. Among the various algorithms, only implicit enumeration algorithms, such…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Wei-Chang Yeh

Bound propagation based incomplete neural network verifiers such as CROWN are very efficient and can significantly accelerate branch-and-bound (BaB) based complete verification of neural networks. However, bound propagation cannot fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Shiqi Wang , Huan Zhang , Kaidi Xu , Xue Lin , Suman Jana , Cho-Jui Hsieh , J. Zico Kolter

Deep neural networks are increasingly being used as controllers for safety-critical systems. Because neural networks are opaque, certifying their correctness is a significant challenge. To address this issue, several neural network…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Yizhak Yisrael Elboher , Justin Gottschlich , Guy Katz
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