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The technique of \emph{equality saturation}, which equips graphs with an equivalence relation, has proven effective for program optimisation. We give a categorical semantics to these structures, called \emph{e-graphs}, in terms of Cartesian…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Aleksei Tiurin , Chris Barrett , Dan R. Ghica , Nick Hu

An e-graph efficiently represents a congruence relation over many expressions. Although they were originally developed in the late 1970s for use in automated theorem provers, a more recent technique known as equality saturation repurposes…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Max Willsey , Chandrakana Nandi , Yisu Remy Wang , Oliver Flatt , Zachary Tatlock , Pavel Panchekha

Equality saturation is a program optimization technique based on non-destructive rewriting and a form of abstract interpretation called e-class analysis. Existing e-class analyses are pessimistic and therefore typically imprecise when…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Russel Arbore , Alvin Cheung , Max Willsey

E-graphs are a prominent data structure that has been increasing in popularity in recent years due to their expanding range of applications in various formal reasoning tasks. Often, they are used for equality saturation, a process of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Eytan Singher , Shachar Itzhaky

Equality saturation is an emerging technique for program and query optimization developed in the programming language community. It performs term rewriting over an E-graph, a data structure that compactly represents a program space. Despite…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Dan Suciu , Yisu Remy Wang , Yihong Zhang

The use of rewriting-based visual formalisms is on the rise. In the formal methods community, this is due also to the introduction of adhesive categories, where most properties of classical approaches to graph transformation, such as those…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Roberto Biondo , Davide Castelnovo , Fabio Gadducci

E-graphs are a data structure for equational reasoning and optimization over ground terms. One of the benefits of e-graph rewriting is that it can declaratively handle useful but difficult to orient identities like associativity and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Philip Zucker

E-graphs are a data structure that compactly represents equivalent expressions. They are constructed via the repeated application of rewrite rules. Often in practical applications, conditional rewrite rules are crucial, but their…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Samuel Coward , George A. Constantinides , Theo Drane

Modern equality saturation systems excel at expression-level rewrites by exploring large spaces of equivalent programs without suffering from the phase-ordering problem. How- ever, these systems struggle to represent equivalence directly…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Guillermo Garcia

In this submission, we explore the use of equality saturation to optimize concurrent computations. A concurrent environment gives rise to new optimization opportunities, like extracting a common concurrent subcomputation. To our knowledge,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Henrich Lauko , Lukáš Korenčik , Peter Goodman

We introduce a categorical formalism for rewriting surface-embedded graphs. Such graphs can represent string diagrams in a non-symmetric setting where we guarantee that the wires do not intersect each other. The main technical novelty is a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Malin Altenmüller , Ross Duncan

String diagrams are a powerful and intuitive graphical syntax for terms of symmetric monoidal categories (SMCs). They find many applications in computer science and are becoming increasingly relevant in other fields such as physics and…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2016-12-01 Filippo Bonchi , Fabio Gadducci , Aleks Kissinger , Pawel Sobocinski , Fabio Zanasi

Equality saturation has become a dominant paradigm for equational program optimization. However, it has never been rigorously compared to another approach to the same problem, even though several exist, the most notable being stochastic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Qiantan Hong , Rupanshu Soi , Yihong Zhang , Alex Aiken

Generating high-performance code for diverse hardware and application domains is challenging. Functional array programming languages with patterns like map and reduce have been successfully combined with term rewriting to define and explore…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Thomas Koehler , Phil Trinder , Michel Steuwer

EDA toolchains are notoriously unpredictable, incomplete, and error-prone; the generally-accepted remedy has been to re-imagine EDA tasks as compilation problems. However, any compiler framework we apply must be prepared to handle the wide…

In technology mapping, the quality of the final implementation heavily relies on the circuit structure after technology-independent optimization. Recent studies have introduced equality saturation as a novel optimization approach. However,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Chen Chen , Guangyu HU , Cunxi Yu , Yuzhe Ma , Hongce Zhang

Many compilers, synthesizers, and theorem provers rely on rewrite rules to simplify expressions or prove equivalences. Developing rewrite rules can be difficult: rules may be subtly incorrect, profitable rules are easy to miss, and rulesets…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Chandrakana Nandi , Max Willsey , Amy Zhu , Yisu Remy Wang , Brett Saiki , Adam Anderson , Adriana Schulz , Dan Grossman , Zachary Tatlock

Recent algorithmic advances have made equality saturation an appealing approach to program optimization because it avoids the phase-ordering problem. Existing work uses external equality saturation libraries, or custom implementations that…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jules Merckx , Alexandre Lopoukhine , Samuel Coward , Jianyi Cheng , Bjorn De Sutter , Tobias Grosser

String diagrams are a powerful tool for reasoning about composite structures in symmetric monoidal categories. By representing string diagrams as graphs, equational reasoning can be done automatically by double-pushout rewriting. !-graphs…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Aleks Kissinger , Vladimir Zamdzhiev

One of the major optimizations employed in deep learning frameworks is graph rewriting. Production frameworks rely on heuristics to decide if rewrite rules should be applied and in which order. Prior research has shown that one can discover…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Yichen Yang , Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimtha , Yisu Remy Wang , Max Willsey , Sudip Roy , Jacques Pienaar
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