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The reliability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in open-world settings depends heavily on their ability to flag out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs unseen during training. Recent advances in large-scale vision-language models (VLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

Enhancing the efficiency of high-quality image generation using Diffusion Models (DMs) is a significant challenge due to the iterative nature of the process. Flow Matching (FM) is emerging as a powerful generative modeling paradigm based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Pascal Zwick , Nils Friederich , Maximilian Beichter , Lennart Hilbert , Ralf Mikut , Oliver Bringmann

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safe deployment; however, existing detectors often struggle to generalize across datasets of varying scales and model architectures, and some can incur high computational costs in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Neural networks are notorious for being overconfident predictors, posing a significant challenge to their safe deployment in real-world applications. While feature normalization has garnered considerable attention within the deep learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Sudarshan Regmi , Bibek Panthi , Sakar Dotel , Prashnna K. Gyawali , Danail Stoyanov , Binod Bhattarai

Two fundamental problems in unsupervised learning are efficient inference for latent-variable models and robust density estimation based on large amounts of unlabeled data. Algorithms for the two tasks, such as normalizing flows and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-02 Changyou Chen , Chunyuan Li , Liqun Chen , Wenlin Wang , Yunchen Pu , Lawrence Carin

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Machine learning algorithms typically assume independent and identically distributed samples in training and at test time. Much work has shown that high-performing ML classifiers can degrade significantly and provide overly-confident, wrong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Jie Ren , Jiaming Luo , Yao Zhao , Kundan Krishna , Mohammad Saleh , Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Peter J. Liu

Modern deep generative models can assign high likelihood to inputs drawn from outside the training distribution, posing threats to models in open-world deployments. While much research attention has been placed on defining new test-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Mu Cai , Yixuan Li

Using the intuition that out-of-distribution data have lower likelihoods, a common approach for out-of-distribution detection involves estimating the underlying data distribution. Normalizing flows are likelihood-based generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Seyedeh Fatemeh Razavi , Mohammad Mahdi Mehmanchi , Reshad Hosseini , Mostafa Tavassolipour

Research around Spiking Neural Networks has ignited during the last years due to their advantages when compared to traditional neural networks, including their efficient processing and inherent ability to model complex temporal dynamics.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Aitor Martinez Seras , Javier Del Ser , Jesus L. Lobo , Pablo Garcia-Bringas , Nikola Kasabov

Background. Commonly, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) generalize well on samples drawn from a distribution similar to that of the training set. However, DNNs' predictions are brittle and unreliable when the test samples are drawn from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Matan Haroush , Tzviel Frostig , Ruth Heller , Daniel Soudry

The efficient construction of accurate channel knowledge maps (CKMs) is crucial for unleashing the full potential of environment-aware wireless networks, yet it remains a difficult ill-posed problem due to the sparsity of available…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ziyu Huang , Yong Zeng , Shen Fu , Xiaoli Xu , Hongyang Du

Deep neural networks (DNNs) for the semantic segmentation of images are usually trained to operate on a predefined closed set of object classes. This is in contrast to the "open world" setting where DNNs are envisioned to be deployed to.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Robin Chan , Matthias Rottmann , Hanno Gottschalk

We present a systematic benchmark of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection CSFs through a representation-centric lens. Our study spans CNN and ViT backbones, multiple training paradigms, four image-classification source datasets (CIFAR-10,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Claudio César Claros Olivares , Austin J. Brockmeier

Predictive machine learning models generally excel on in-distribution data, but their performance degrades on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. Reliable deployment therefore requires robust OOD detection, yet this is particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 David Graber , Victor Armegioiu , Rebecca Buller , Siddhartha Mishra

Bayesian neural networks and deep ensemble methods have been proposed for uncertainty quantification; however, they are computationally intensive and require large storage. By utilizing a single deterministic model, we can solve the above…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yaxin Ma , Benjamin Colburn , Jose C. Principe

Continuous normalizing flows (CNFs) can model data distributions with expressive infinite-length architectures. But this modeling involves computationally expensive process of solving an ordinary differential equation (ODE) during maximum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Denis Gudovskiy , Tomoyuki Okuno , Yohei Nakata

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios, enabling the identification of unknown samples or objects. A prominent approach to enhance OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-05 Heng Gao , Jun Li

Recent semantic segmentation models accurately classify test-time examples that are similar to a training dataset distribution. However, their discriminative closed-set approach is not robust in practical data setups with distributional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Denis Gudovskiy , Tomoyuki Okuno , Yohei Nakata

Identifying Out-of-distribution (OOD) data is becoming increasingly critical as the real-world applications of deep learning methods expand. Post-hoc methods modify softmax scores fine-tuned on outlier data or leverage intermediate feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Saandeep Aathreya , Shaun Canavan