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Many mathematical models of synaptic plasticity have been proposed to explain the diversity of plasticity phenomena observed in biological organisms. These models range from simple interpretations of Hebb's postulate, which suggests that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-05 Danil Tyulmankov

Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) and probabilistic bit (p-bit)-based computing platforms have emerged as promising paradigms for tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. Although traditionally viewed as distinct approaches,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 E. M. Hasantha Ekanayake , Nikhat Khan , Nikhil Shukla

The success of the transistor as the cornerstone of digital computation motivates analogous efforts to identify an equivalent hardware primitive, the probabilistic bit or p-bit, for the emerging paradigm of probabilistic computing. Here, we…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Abir Hasan , Nikhil Shukla

This paper is concerned with synchronization of complex stochastic dynamical networks in the presence of noise and functional uncertainty. A probabilistic control method for adaptive synchronization is presented. All required probabilistic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-20 Randa Herzallah

Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of a preexisting connection between two neurons to change in strength as a function of neural activity. Because synaptic plasticity is the major candidate mechanism for learning and memory, the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-05 Maurizio De Pittà , Nicolas Brunel , Andrea Volterra

Continuous adaptation allows survival in an ever-changing world. Adjustments in the synaptic coupling strength between neurons are essential for this capability, setting us apart from simpler, hard-wired organisms. How these changes can be…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-06 Jakob Jordan , Maximilian Schmidt , Walter Senn , Mihai A. Petrovici

In computational neuroscience, as well as in machine learning, neuromorphic devices promise an accelerated and scalable alternative to neural network simulations. Their neural connectivity and synaptic capacity depends on their specific…

Probabilistic computers replace logic gates with networks of interacting random variables, creating bidirectional systems that can back-derive inputs from outputs. Such architectures enable efficient generation of random samples,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Shreyes Nallan , Jian-Gang Zhu

The dynamics of local cortical networks are irregular, but correlated. Dynamic excitatory--inhibitory balance is a plausible mechanism that generates such irregular activity, but it remains unclear how balance is achieved and maintained in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-28 Alan Eric Akil , Robert Rosenbaum , Krešimir Josić

Stochastic p-Bit devices play a pivotal role in solving NP-hard problems, neural network computing, and hardware accelerators for algorithms such as the simulated annealing. In this work, we focus on Stochastic p-Bits based on high-barrier…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-06-06 X. H. Li , M. K. Zhao , R. Zhang , C. H. Wan , Y. Z. Wang , X. M. Luo , S. Q. Liu , J. H. Xia , G. Q. Yu , X. F. Han

Recent demonstrations on specialized benchmarks have reignited excitement for quantum computers, yet whether they can deliver an advantage for practical real-world problems remains an open question. Here, we show that probabilistic…

General results from statistical learning theory suggest to understand not only brain computations, but also brain plasticity as probabilistic inference. But a model for that has been missing. We propose that inherently stochastic features…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-02-17 David Kappel , Stefan Habenschuss , Robert Legenstein , Wolfgang Maass

A steadily increasing body of evidence suggests that the brain performs probabilistic inference to interpret and respond to sensory input and that trial-to-trial variability in neural activity plays an important role. The neural sampling…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-07 Ilja Bytschok , Dominik Dold , Johannes Schemmel , Karlheinz Meier , Mihai A. Petrovici

Spiking networks that perform probabilistic inference have been proposed both as models of cortical computation and as candidates for solving problems in machine learning. However, the evidence for spike-based computation being in any way…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-12 Luziwei Leng , Roman Martel , Oliver Breitwieser , Ilja Bytschok , Walter Senn , Johannes Schemmel , Karlheinz Meier , Mihai A. Petrovici

Neuromorphic computing based on spiking neural networks has the potential to significantly improve on-line learning capabilities and energy efficiency of artificial intelligence, specially for edge computing. Recent progress in…

Applied Physics · Physics 2021-11-04 Yann Beilliard , Fabien Alibart

Probabilistic computing excels in approximating combinatorial problems and modelling uncertainty. However, using conventional deterministic hardware for probabilistic models is challenging: (pseudo) random number generation introduces…

Neural circuits exhibit remarkable computational flexibility, enabling adaptive responses to noisy and ever-changing environmental cues. A fundamental question in neuroscience concerns how a wide range of behaviors can emerge from a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-09-18 Giacomo Barzon , Daniel M. Busiello , Giorgio Nicoletti

Digital computers store information in the form of bits that can take on one of two values 0 and 1, while quantum computers are based on qubits that are described by a complex wavefunction, whose squared magnitude gives the probability of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Jan Kaiser , Supriyo Datta

Understanding how biological neural networks carry out learning using spike-based local plasticity mechanisms can lead to the development of powerful, energy-efficient, and adaptive neuromorphic processing systems. A large number of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Lyes Khacef , Philipp Klein , Matteo Cartiglia , Arianna Rubino , Giacomo Indiveri , Elisabetta Chicca

A new class of energy-efficient digital microprocessor is being developed which is susceptible to thermal noise and consequently operates in probabilistic rather than conventional deterministic mode. Hybrid computing systems which combine…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2014-12-17 T. N. Palmer , M. O'Shea